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EC number: 253-087-4 | CAS number: 36528-28-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
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- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
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- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Sediment toxicity
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 23 Oct - 02 Dec 2017
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 218 (Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Test Using Spiked Sediment)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The total organic carbon content of the final sediment mixture was 2.89% (requirement: 2.0 ± 0.5%). This must be considered for interpretation of results.
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- The Department of Health of the Government of the United Kingdom (15 Nov 2016)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Remarks:
- HPLC/GC-MS
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: All test item concentrations were analytically verified in overlying water samples (HPLC) and sediment samples (GC-MS) for all treatments on Days 0, 7 and 28.
- Sampling interval: On Day -7 samples were taken of the sediments as dispensed to the test vessels. On Days 0 and 7, one assigned, sacrificial replicate of the control, solvent control and test concentration was sampled. On Day 28, single test replicates were sampled after checking for the presence of test organisms. For the water samples, the aqueous layer from the top of the vessel was decanted into 3 x 35 mL PTFE centrifuge tubes (full to the top). Sediment samples were accurately weighed out into a pre-weighed 250 mL centrifuge bottle containing 50 mL acetone.
SEDIMENT
- Concentrations: Control, solvent control and each test item treatment.
- Sampling interval: Day -7 (start of equilibration), Day 0 (test start), Day 7, Day 28 (test end)
OVERLYING WATER
- Concentrations: All concentrations.
- Sampling interval: Days 0, 7 and 28 - Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
- Details on sediment and application:
- PREPARATION OF SPIKED SEDIMENT
- Details of spiking: A proportion (50%) of the dry sand component of the sediment for each treatment was added to a glass crystallising dish. Each sand aliquot received 10 mL test item in solvent (Tetrahydrofuran), such that the nominal sediment concentration was supplied. All stock solutions were clear and colourless. The stock solutions were pipetted onto the surface of the sand.
- Pooling or mixing of different substrates: After evaporation of the solvent carrier from the sand component, the remaining quantitiy of sand plus the kaolinite clay, conditioned peat and reconstituted water components of the sediment were mixed in individual bottles. The amount of reconstituted water added to the sediment was that which liquefied it sufficiently to obtain good mixing on a tumble mill, using known and (pro-rata) equal additions to all bottles.
- Method of mixing: The contents of the bottles were mixed on a tumble mill overnight before being dispensed to the test vessels.
- Equilibration time: 7 d
- Equilibration conditions: For each treatment, approximately 140 g wet weight of the spiked sediment was weighed into each test and analytical replicate vessel. Reconstituted water was added to all vessels to a total volum of 400 mL, minimising disturbance of the sediment. After a period of settlement, the test vessels were provided with gentle aeration (as to be employed during the animal exposure).
- Controls: Control (reconstituted water without solvent or test item) and solvent control (same volume of solvent without test item)
- Chemical name of vehicle: Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium: 0.008 mL/g sediment dw
- Evaporation of vehicle before use: Yes, the solvent was allowed to evaporate overnight in a fume hood. - Test organisms (species):
- Chironomus riparius
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Midge fly larvae (harlequin fly)
- Details on test organism: C. riparius is distributed throughout North America and Europe in a wide variety of freshwater habitats. The larvae construct and live in tubes within sediments. After 4 larval stages the larvae pupate and the pupae rise to the surface where the adult insects emerge. Adults mate and egg ropes are laid in water within a few days.
- Source: Continuous in-house laboratory cultures
- Breeding conditions: Same as test
- Age of animals at beginning of exposure: Less than 48 h post hatch at the start of the test
- Feeding during breeding and test: Once daily with finely ground Aquarian Tropical Fish Flakes prepared as suspension in reverse osmosis water. The Aquarian suspension was prepared weekly and was stored under refrigeration.
- Feeding rates: 0.50 mg/animal/day (0 - 6 d), 1.0 mg/animal/day (7 - 13 d), 0.50 mg/animal/day (14 - 20 d), 0.25 mg/animal/day (21 - 27 d), and 0 mg/animal/day (Day 28) - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Type of sediment:
- artificial sediment
- Remarks:
- Reconstituted sediment with an organic carbon content of 2.89% equilibrated with overlying water for 7 d prior test start.
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Hardness:
- 72.5 - 78.5 mg CaCO3/L (overlying water Day 0)
50.5 - 75.5 mg CaCO3/L (overlying water Day 28) - Test temperature:
- 19.8 - 20.2 °C (overlying water, Day 0 - Day 28)
- pH:
- 7.35 - 8.22 (overlying water, Day 0 - Day 28)
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 94 - 105 % ASV (Air Saturation Value, overlying water, Day 0 - Day 28)
8.55 - 9.56 mg/L (overlying water, Day 0 - Day 28) - Ammonia:
- 0.010 - 0.132 mg/L NH4 (Day 0)
0.083 - 0.134 mg/L NH4 (Day 28) - Conductivity:
- 282 µS/cm (reconstituted, overlying water)
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Control, solvent control, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg sediment dw (nominal)
Control, solvent control, 39.7, 81.3, 176, 383, and 787 mg/kg sediment dw (mean measured) - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container: Glass beakers fitted with lids consisting of inverted plastic beakers (400 mL capacity) with meshed air vents acting as traps to retain emerged adults.
- Sediment volume: The initial sediment depth was approximately 2 cm.
- Weight of wet sediment with and without pore water: 140 g (nominal wet weight)
- Overlying water volume: 400 mL
- Depth of sediment and overlying water: 2 cm sediment depth and 5.5 cm water depth
- Aeration: Yes, after a period of settlement of disturbed sediment, gentle aeration was supplied by a capillary tube positioned such as to minimise disturbance of the sediment .
- Replacement of evaporated test water, if any: The water level was marked on each vessel, so that any evaporative loss could be replaced during th study with reverse osmosis (RO) water.
- Other: No floating particulates were observed on the surface of the overlying water. Test vessels were positioned randomly by rows within the testing area. Additional sacrificial replicates were deployed for chemical analyses on exposure Days 0, 7 and 28.
EXPOSURE REGIME
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 20
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
- No. of replicates per control / vehicle control: 4
- Feeding regime: Once daily
- Type and preparation of food: Aquarian Tropical Fish Flakes prepared as suspenion in reverse osmosis water
- Amount of food: 0.25 - 1.0 mg/animal/day
- Other: At the start of the test, 20 larvae (< 48 h post-hatch) were impartially allocated to each test replicate vessel. Larvae were transferred from a stock, in replicates of 10 using a pipette and placed into a disposable weighing boat. These were then washed into the test vessels with the minimum volume of test reconstituted water.
RENEWAL OF OVERLYING WATER
- Details on volume additions: The overlying water was not renewed during the test, but volumes (20 mL) removed for dissolved oxygen and pH determinations after the start of the test were replaced with fresh medium.
OVERLYING WATER CHARACTERISTCS
- Type of water: Reconstituted water prepared using reverse osmosis water from testing facility
- Location: Scymaris Ltd
- Quantities of chemicals used to prepare medium (reconstituted, overlying water) from reverse osmosis water: 96.0 mg/L NaHCo3, 60.0 mg/L CaSO4.2H2O, 122.5 mg/L MgSO4.7H2O, 4.0 mg/L KCl
- Facility background data for reconstituted (overlying) water: pH: 8.10; Conductivity: 282 µS/cm; Total hardness as CaCO3: 77.3 mg/L; Suspended solids at 105 °C: < 3.0 mg/L; Total organic carbon: < 0.7 mg/L; Chemical oxygen demand: < 10.0 mg/L; Ammoniacal nitrogen as N: < 0.002 mg/L; Highest organophosphorous pesticides: < 0.01 µg/L; Highest organochlorine pesticides: < 0.01 µg/L; Highest PCB: < 0.002 µg/L; Aluminium: < 10.0 µg/L; Arsenic: < 1 µg/L; Boron: < 100 µg/L; Cadmium: < 0.1 µg/L; Chromium: < 0.5 µg/L; Cobalt: < 1 µg/L; Copper: < 1 µg/L; Iron: < 30 µg/L; Lead: < 2 µg/L; Manganese: < 10 µg/L; Mercury: < 0.01 µg/L; Nickel: < 1 µg/L; Silver: < 1 µg/L, Zinc: < 5 µg/L
CHARACTERIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL SEDIMENT
- % dry weight of sphagnum moss peat: 5 (dw)
- % Quartz sand: 75 (dw )
- % Kaolinite clay: 20 (dw)
- Composition: Sand, kaolinite, calcium carbonate and finely sieved sphagnum moss peat
- Method of preparation: The peat was air dried and sieved to < 1 mm. The required amount of peat was mixed with an appropriate amount of calcium carbonate and sufficient reverse osmosis water to form a suspension. Following stirring overnight, the pH of the suspension was 6.25 (this is higher than the required 5.5 ± 0.5 but was deemed acceptable as the pH after conditioning was required to be 6.0 ± 0.5). After removal of floating material and the addition of further dilution water, the suspension was conditioned with gentle stirring for at least 2 d at 20 ± 2 °C to stabilise the pH. The pH was measured again and was 6.17 which is within the acceptable pH of 6.0± 0.5. Floating material and excess water were removed to obtain a homogeneous peat slurry.
- Moisture: 86%
- Other: The final peat slurry was stored in a sealed container under refrigeration for 5 d before use.
- Total organic carbon (%): 2.89% (According to the OECD test guideline, 5% peat should provide a final organic carbon level of approximately 2.0 ± 0.5%)
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 h light and 8 h dark with 20 min dawn and dusk transition periods
- Light intensity: 845, 1070, and 1080 lux (cosine, on Days -7, 0 and 28, respectively)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Total time to emergence
- Total number of emerged adult insects: Daily
- Sex ratio of emerged adult insects: Daily
- Visual assessment of test vessels: 3 times per week
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: Yes
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2 - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 787 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- emergence rate
- Remarks:
- and sex ratio
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Statistical analyses were performed with Minitab packed. The following tests were used to compare the recorded effects on "Total number emerged after 28 d" and "Sex Ratio" in the control, solvent control and treatments: Fisher's Exact test, Bonferroni adjustment. The following tests were used to compare the recorded effects on "Deveopment Rates" in the control, solvent control and treatments: Two sample t-test, Barlett's test, ANOVA followed by Dunnett's.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- For further details please refer to “Any other information on results incl. tables”.
Reference
VALIDITY CRITERIA
The study fulfilled the validity criteria defined by the guideline (Table 1) and is thus considered reliable and valid.
Table 1. Validity criteria for OECD 218.
Criterion from the guideline |
Outcome |
Validity criterion fulfilled |
The emergence in the control must be at least 70% at the end of the test. |
The emergence in the control and solvent was 93 and 89%, respectively. |
Yes |
C. riparius and C. yoshimatsui emergence to adults from control vessels should occur between 12 and 23 d after their insertion into the vessels. |
Emergence occurred between Days 15 – 23. |
Yes |
At the end of the test, pH and the dissolved oxygen concentration should be measured in each vessel. The oxygen concentration should be at least 60% of the air saturation value (ASV) at the temperature used and the pH of the overlying water should be in the 6-9 range in all test vessels. |
pH on Day 28 ranged from 7.35 to 7.94 and dissolved oxygen ranged from 94 to 105% ASV. |
Yes |
The water temperature should not differ by more than ± 1.0 °C. |
Water temperature varied only by ± 0.2 °C. |
Yes |
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SEDIMENT
The measured test item concentrations in sediment are summarized in Table 2. The limit of quantification is provided in Table 3.
The measured concentrations for the wet sediment at the start of the equilibration period (Day -7) ranged from 90 – 95% of the nominal values. On Day 0, the total recoveries from the sediment fraction ranged from 67 – 80% of nominal. On Day 7, the total recoveries from the sediment fraction ranged from 61 – 88% of nominal. On Day 28, the total recoveries for the sediment fraction ranged from 40 to 59% of nominal.
Table 2. Summary of analytical data from sediment analysis.
Nominal test item concentration [mg/kg] |
Measured concentration of test item in sediment |
Geom. mean measured |
Geom. mean measured |
|||||||
Day -7 |
Day 0 |
Day 7 |
Day 28 |
|||||||
[mg/kg] |
[% of nominal] |
[mg/kg] |
[% of nominal] |
[mg/kg] |
[% of nominal] |
[mg/kg] |
[% of nominal] |
[mg/kg] |
[% of nominal] |
|
Control |
< LOQ |
- |
< LOQ |
- |
< LOQ |
- |
< LOQ |
- |
0 |
- |
Solvent control |
< LOQ |
- |
< LOQ |
- |
< LOQ |
- |
< LOQ |
- |
0 |
- |
62.5 |
59.5 |
95 |
43.9 |
70 |
37.9 |
61 |
25.2 |
40 |
39.7 |
64 |
125 |
112A |
90 |
83.5B |
67 |
84.5C |
68 |
55.4D |
44 |
81.3 |
65 |
250 |
229 |
92 |
198 |
79 |
184 |
74 |
114 |
46 |
176 |
70 |
500 |
457 |
91 |
402 |
80 |
406 |
81 |
287 |
57 |
383 |
77 |
1000 |
930 |
93 |
789 |
79 |
880 |
88 |
593 |
59 |
787 |
79 |
A Mean of triplicate analyses: 114, 111, 111 mg/kg
B Mean of triplicate analyses: 95.8, 90.1, 64.7 mg/kg
C Mean of triplicate analyses: 83.8, 89.0, 80.7 mg/kg
D Mean of triplicate analyses: 57.2, 56.6, 52.3 mg/kg
OVERLYING WATER
All the overlying water samples contained < LOQ test item on Days 0, 7 and 28.
On the basis of the analytical data, effect concentrations were based on the geometric mean measured concentrations.
Table 3. Limits of Quantification for sediment analysis
nominal test item concentration |
Dilution factors |
Day -7 LOQ |
Day 0 LOQ |
Day 7 LOQ |
Day 28 LOQ |
[mg/kg] |
[mg/kg] |
[mg/kg] |
[mg/kg] |
[mg/kg] |
|
Control |
1 |
0.83 |
1.49 |
1.54 |
0.76 |
Solvent control |
1 |
0.81 |
1.51 |
1.51 |
0.77 |
62.5 |
10 |
8.08 |
15.05 |
15.03 |
7.76 |
125 |
20 |
16.13 – 16.25 |
30.15 – 55.31 |
30.53 – 52.41 |
15.40-25.88 |
250 |
40 |
32.33 |
60.33 |
60.42 |
31.75 |
500 |
100 |
81.57 |
151.38 |
148.99 |
77.76 |
1000 |
200 |
167 |
300.12 |
313.28 |
138.70 |
LOQ = limit of quantification
BIOLOGICAL RESULTS
The visual observations of the test vessels showed no differences between treatments. A summary of emergence and sex ratio data is provided in Table 4.
EMERGENCE AFTER 28 d
After 28 d adult emergences in the control and solvent control were 93% and 89%, respectively. No significant difference was found between the controls. All subsequent comparisons were performed against the solvent control.
No significant effects on total emergence was found in any treatment compared to the control. The obtained effect concentrations are summarized in Table 4.
SEX RATIO
In the control and solvent control, 49 and 44% males were recorded, respectively, thus yielding the the expected ratio close to 50:50. No significant difference was detected between the control and solvent control. All subsequent comparisons were performed against the solvent control.
No significant difference in sex was found in any treatment compared to the control. The obtained effect concentrations are summarized in Table 5.
TIME TO FIRST EMERGENCE
The mean times to first emergence for all test treatments ranged from 15 to 17 days. The mean time to first emergence for the control was 15 days and the solvent control was 15.5 days.
This data was not statistically analyzed.
Table 4. Summary of emergence data.
Nominal test item concentration |
Geom. mean measured test item concentration |
Replicate |
Time to 1stemergence |
Mean emergence time |
Replicate mean development rate |
Number emerged after 28 d |
Mean males per treatment |
[mg/kg] |
[mg/kg] |
[d] |
[d] |
[per day] |
[%] |
||
Control |
- |
A |
15 |
16.4 |
0.06321 |
19 |
49 |
B |
15 |
16.6 |
0.06275 |
20 |
|||
C |
15 |
16.6 |
0.06255 |
18 |
|||
D |
15 |
16.6 |
0.06235 |
17 |
|||
Mean |
15.0 |
16.5 |
0.06272 |
18.5 |
|||
Solvent control |
- |
A |
17 |
18.6 |
0.05537 |
19 |
44 |
B |
15 |
17.0 |
0.06096 |
17 |
|||
C |
15 |
16.9 |
0.06155 |
17 |
|||
D |
15 |
17.4 |
0.06001 |
18 |
|||
Mean |
15.5 |
17.5 |
0.05947 |
17.8 |
|||
62.5 |
- |
A |
16 |
18.7 |
0.05566 |
18 |
55 |
B |
15 |
17.2 |
0.06048 |
19 |
|||
C |
15 |
17.1 |
0.06115 |
20 |
|||
D |
16 |
16.7 |
0.06173 |
19 |
|||
Mean |
15.5 |
17.4 |
0.05976 |
19 |
|||
125 |
- |
A |
15 |
16.9 |
0.06156 |
19 |
52 |
B |
15 |
16.9 |
0.06143 |
19 |
|||
C |
16 |
17.7 |
0.05863 |
20 |
|||
D |
15 |
16.6 |
0.06232 |
21 |
|||
Mean |
15.3 |
17.0 |
0.06099 |
19.8 |
|||
250 |
- |
A |
16 |
17.7 |
0.05868 |
20 |
43 |
B |
15 |
17.5 |
0.05946 |
18 |
|||
C |
16 |
17.1 |
0.06072 |
18 |
|||
D |
16 |
17.7 |
0.05889 |
20 |
|||
Mean |
15.8 |
17.5 |
0.05944 |
19.0 |
|||
500 |
- |
A |
16 |
18.3 |
0.05675 |
18 |
48 |
B |
17 |
17.9 |
0.05780 |
20 |
|||
C |
15 |
17.5 |
0.05951 |
19 |
|||
D |
16 |
18.2 |
0.05720 |
19 |
|||
Mean |
16.0 |
18.0 |
0.05782 |
19 |
|||
1000 |
- |
A |
16 |
19.1 |
0.05437 |
18 |
55 |
B |
16 |
17.7 |
0.05881 |
18 |
|||
C |
16 |
17.9 |
0.05762 |
19 |
|||
D |
16 |
18.3 |
0.05650 |
18 |
|||
Mean |
16.0 |
18.3 |
0.05682 |
18.3 |
Table 5. Effect concentrations for emergence and sex ratio.
NOEC (28 d) |
>= 787 mg/kg |
LOEC (28 d) |
> 787 mg/kg |
Description of key information
NOEC (28 d) ≥ 787 mg/kg sediment dw (geom. mean measured, OECD 218, C. riparius)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
One experimental study is available, in which the long-term toxicity ofdecyl laurate (CAS 36528-28-6) to sediment organisms was assessed according to OECD guideline 218 and GLP.
A static sediment-freshwater toxicity test was performed in which the model organism Chironomus riparius, a widespread sediment-dwelling midge in freshwater habitats, was exposed to the nominal test item concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg sediment dry weight for 28 d via spiked artificial soil. A sediment spiking method was selected because the most likely entry route into the aquatic environment is expected to occur via particulate material carrying adsorbed substance. The artificial sediment was formulated from sand, kaolinite, calcium carbonate and finely sieved sphagnum moss peat according to the guideline, resulting in a final organic carbon content of 2.89%, slightly above the 2.0 ± 0.5%, as recommended by the guideline. Nevertheless, the organic matter content of 4.93% is nearly in line with the recommendations given in ECHA Guidance R.7b (5%; ECHA, 2017). The sediment was spiked by adding 10 mL of the test substance dissolved in the solvent Tetrahydrofuran to the dry sand component of the sediment only, which was allowed to evaporate overnight. Subsequently, all sediment components were combined, liquefied with reconstituted water and mixed on a tumble mill overnight. The spiked sediment was then dispensed to the test vessels, covered with overlying water (reconstituted) and allowed to equilibrate for 7 d prior test start. A control and solvent control (Tetrahydrofuran) were included in the test design. The measured endpoints included effects of the test item on larval development and emergence, effects on the sex ratio of emerged adult insects, development rates and on the time to first emergence. The actual test item concentrations in the sediment and overlying water were analytically verified by GC-MS/HPLC on Day -7 (for sediment only), 0, 7 and 28.
The measured test item concentrations in wet sediment was 90 – 95% of nominal on Day -7, 67-80% of nominal on Day 0, 61 – 88% on Day 7 and 40 – 59% on Day 28. The measured test item concentrations in the overlying water was < LOQ on Day 0, 7 and 28. Based on these findings, the effect values were based on the geometric mean measured test item concentrations in the sediment, resulting in test item exposure concentrations of 39.7, 81.3, 176, 383 and 787 mg/kg sediment dry weight.
At the end of the test, no statistical differences between the control and solvent control was found for any endpoint and all statistical comparisons were made against the solvent control. After 28 d exposure, no significant differences between the total emergence of adults, sex ratio and development rates in the treatments and solvent control were found. The mean times to first emergence ranged from 15 to 17 d, which was similar to that of the controls (15 and 15.5 d, respectively) but was not statistically analyzed.
Thus, the test resulted in an overall NOEC (28 d) of ≥ 787 mg/kg sediment dw (highest exposure concentration) based on development rates, total number of emerged adult insects and their sex ratio. The LOEC (28 d) was > 787 mg/kg sediment dw for all endpoints.
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