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EC number: 632-619-2 | CAS number: 881685-58-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Adsorption / desorption
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- adsorption / desorption, other
- Remarks:
- batch equilibrium method
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 9 Aug 2005 to 28 Feb 2006
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 106 (Adsorption - Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: EPA 163-1
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Canada PMRA guideline T-I-255
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of method:
- batch equilibrium method
- Media:
- soil
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Test temperature:
- 20 ± 2 °C
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Definitive test
- Initial queous concentration: 0.005, 0.02, 0.05, 0.2 and 0.5 µg/mL
- Adsorption sampling: After the equilibration time had elapsed, the tubes were removed from the shaker and centrifuged at 3500 r.p.m. for 15 minutes on a centrifuge to separate the soil and aqueous phases. The supernatants were transferred to labelled glass vials and volume recorded.
- Desoprtion samling: After the equilibration time had elapsed, the samples were then centrifuged in the same way as adsorption sampling. The supernatants were transferred to labelled glass vials and volume recorded. - Matrix no.:
- #1
- Matrix type:
- sandy clay loam
- % Clay:
- 23
- % Silt:
- 22
- % Sand:
- 55
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.55
- pH:
- 5.4
- CEC:
- 16.9 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Matrix no.:
- #2
- Matrix type:
- sandy loam
- % Clay:
- 13
- % Silt:
- 27
- % Sand:
- 60
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.46
- pH:
- 6
- CEC:
- 9.9 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Matrix no.:
- #3
- Matrix type:
- sand
- % Clay:
- 4
- % Silt:
- 7
- % Sand:
- 89
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.29
- pH:
- 7
- CEC:
- 3.5 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Matrix no.:
- #4
- Matrix type:
- loam
- % Clay:
- 16
- % Silt:
- 48
- % Sand:
- 36
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.03
- pH:
- 7.1
- CEC:
- 8.4 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Matrix no.:
- #5
- Matrix type:
- silty clay
- % Clay:
- 44
- % Silt:
- 48
- % Sand:
- 8
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.38
- pH:
- 7.2
- CEC:
- 29.7 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Matrix no.:
- #6
- Matrix type:
- silty clay loam
- % Clay:
- 35
- % Silt:
- 59
- % Sand:
- 6
- % Org. carbon:
- 1.04
- pH:
- 7.7
- CEC:
- 6.2 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Details on matrix:
- Detailed information on tested soils is provided in Table 1 in 'Any other information on materials and methods, incl. tables'.
COLLECTION AND STORAGE
- Geographic location:
Soil I: 18 Acres - Jealott's Hill Farm, Nupton Road, Warfield, Bracknell, UK
Soil II: Visalia - Syngenta Western Regional Technical Centre, 498 North Mariposa Road, Visalia, CA 93292, USA.
Soil III: Washington - Qualls Agricultural Laboratory, Grant County, Washington
Soil IV: Gartenacker - Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Les Barges/VS, Switzerland
Soil V: Champaign High - Syngenta Crop Protection, Northern Regional Technical Centre, 495 County Road 1300N, Champaign, Illinois 61822, USA
Soil VI: Marsillargues - Syngenta Agro SAS, La Paluzette, F-34490 Marsillargues, France.
- Sampling depth (cm):
Soil I: 5 - 20 cm
Soil II: 0 - 15 cm
Soil III: 0 - 15 cm
Soil IV: 0 - 20 cm
Soil V: From 0.5 - 1 cm to 12.5 - 15.0 cm
Soil VI: Maximum depth 10 cm
- Soil preparation: After sampling, the soils were air dried and passed through a sieve (2 mm mesh).
- Storage conditions: The soils were stored at ca 4°C until required. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Buffer: Aqueous CaCl2 (0.01M) solution
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 50 mL Teflon tubes
- Amount of soil / aqueous phase per treatment: 1 g of soil: 20 mL aqueous CaCl2 for 18 Acres and Champaign High soils and 2 g of soil: 20 mL aqueous CaCl2 for Visalia, Washington, Gartenacker and Marsillargues soils
- Number of reaction vessels/concentration: 2 replicate samples per application rate
- Preparation of soil slurries prior to treatment: Prior to treatment with 14C-labelled test substance, soil samples were equilibrated at least overnight in Teflon tubes with aqueous CaCl2 (0.01 M). Each tube contained 1 or 2 g dry weight equivalent soil and sufficient 0.01 M CaCl2 to bring the final volume in the tube to 20 mL. Equilibration of the untreated soil slurries was by continuous mixing on an end-over-end shaker at approximately 22 revolutions per minute (r.p.m.) at 20 ± 2°C in order to gently agitate the samples. The use of aqueous CaCl2 solution prevented dispersion of the clay colloids and aided the centrifugation ofthe slurries.
- Preparation of application solutions: The 14C-labelled test item was dissolved in acetonitrile. Four application solutions with different radioactive concentrations were prepared in acetonitrile in order to achieve initial aqueous phase solution concentrations of 0.005, 0.02, 0.05, 0.2 and 0.5 µg/mL, The same application solution was used for concentrations 0.02 and 0.05 µg/mL. These solutions were quantified by LSC and the volume required for preparation of each application solution determined.
- Application of 14C-Iabelled test substance to slurries: Aliquots (< 100 µL) of the 14C-Iabelled test substance application solutions were applied to the pre-equilibrated soil:aqueous slurries. Aliquots of each application solution were quantified by LSC (pre-and post-application), to check the homogeneity of the treatment solutions and to deternline the exact application rate. HPLC analysis of some of the pre- and all post-application checks was undertaken to determine the purity of the test substance. - Duration:
- 23 h
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.005 other: µg/mL
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Duration:
- 23 h
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.02 other: µg/mL
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Duration:
- 23 h
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.05 other: µg/mL
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Duration:
- 23 h
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.2 other: µg/mL
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Duration:
- 23 h
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.5 other: µg/mL
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Duration:
- 18.5 h
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #1
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 031 L/kg
- pH:
- 5.4
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- sandy clay loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.55
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #2
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 491 L/kg
- pH:
- 6
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- sandy loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.46
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #3
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 4 122 L/kg
- pH:
- 7
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- sand
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.29
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #4
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 1 732 L/kg
- pH:
- 7.1
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.03
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #5
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 109 L/kg
- pH:
- 7.2
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- silty clay
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.37
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #6
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 009 L/kg
- pH:
- 7.7
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- silty clay loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 1.04
- Sample No.:
- #1
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc
- Remarks:
- Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 678 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 5.4
- Matrix:
- sandy clay loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.55
- Sample No.:
- #2
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc
- Remarks:
- Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 3 901 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 6
- Matrix:
- sandy loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.46
- Sample No.:
- #3
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc
- Remarks:
- Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 6 241 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 7
- Matrix:
- sand
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.29
- Sample No.:
- #4
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc
- Remarks:
- Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 1 946 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 7.1
- Matrix:
- loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.03
- Sample No.:
- #5
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc
- Remarks:
- Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 674 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 7.2
- Matrix:
- silty clay
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.37
- Sample No.:
- #6
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc
- Remarks:
- Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 706 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 7.7
- Matrix:
- silty clay loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 1.04
- Adsorption and desorption constants:
- See Table 4 - Table 5 in 'Any other information on results incl. tables'
The average Kd values and corresponding KOC values for the adsorption step were 73.35 and 2874 L/kg for 18 Acres, 14.20 and 3060 L/kg for Visalia, 13.31 and 4588 L/kg for Washington, 43.62 and 2149 L/kg for Gartenacker, 68.91 and 2898 L/kg for Champaign High and 28.87 and 2766 L/kg for Marsillargues soil. The KF values were 51.83 L/kg for 18 Acres, 11.56 L/kg for Visalia, 11.95 L/kg for Washington, 35.17 L/kg for Gartenacker, 50.16 L/kg for Champaign High and 20.97 L/kg for Marsillargues. The corresponding KFOC values were 2031, 2491, 4122, 1732, 2109 and 2009 L/kg respectively.
For the desorption step, the average Kd values were 96.63 (18 Acres), 19.64 (Visalia), 18.21 (Washington), 54.51 (Gartenacker), 88.86 (Champaign High) and 37.82 L/kg (Marsillargues). The corresponding desorption KOC values were 3786, 4233, 6280, 2685, 3736 and 3623 mL/g (OC) respectively. The KF values were 68.34, 18.10, 18.10, 39.51, 63.59 and 28.25 L/kg for 18 Acres, Visalia, Washington, Gartenacker, Champaign High and Marsillargues respectively. The corresponding desorption KFOC values were 2678, 3901, 6241, 1946, 2674 and 2706 L/kg, respectively. The increase in the Kd, KOC, KF and KFOC between the adsorption and desorption steps suggested that the adsorption of 14C-labelled test item is not fully reversible in these soils. - Recovery of test material:
- See Table 9 - Table 10 in 'Any other information on results incl. tables'
The mass balance was determined on selected samples from the highest treatment concentration (0.5 µg/mL) in the definitive test. The mass balances ranged from 94.0 to 96.7 % of the applied radioactivity. These results were considered acceptable for the calculation of the radioactive soil concentrations within the test system. - Sample no.:
- #1
- Duration:
- 23 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 74.7 - <= 81.5
- Sample no.:
- #2
- Duration:
- 23 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 54.4 - <= 63.6
- Sample no.:
- #3
- Duration:
- 23 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 52.4 - <= 60
- Sample no.:
- #4
- Duration:
- 23 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 78.5 - <= 83
- Sample no.:
- #5
- Duration:
- 23 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 73.7 - <= 80.9
- Sample no.:
- #6
- Duration:
- 23 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 69.9 - <= 77.7
- Duration:
- 18.5 h
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- not specifiec
- Transformation products:
- not specified
- Details on results (Batch equilibrium method):
- See Table 3 - Table 13 in 'Any other information on results incl. tables'
- Stability of test item: The stability of test item in the soil; aqueous slurries was investigated as part of the definitive phase by chromatographic analysis of the aqueous supernatants and soil extracts from selected samples from the highest concentration range (0.5 µg/mL). Chromatographic analysis was conducted on the aqueous supernatant from the adsorption and desorption stages and soil extract. Due to the low levels of radioactivity in each sample, analysis was only performed on single samples from the highest treatment rate (0.5 µg/mL concentration) for each soil type. The results showed a single peak with a similar retention time to test item, concluding that test item is stable throughout the definitive phase of this study.
- Syn and anti isomer ratios: The syn and anti isomer ratios were determined by HPLC in 18 Acres and Washington soil extracts, adsorption and desorption supernatants at the 0.5 µg/mL concentration. There did not appear to be any significant difference between the syn and anti isomer ratios in any of the three sample extracts for either soils analysed within experimental error. The results show that the syn and anti isomers do not show different adsorption or desorption properties to each other. The mean syn and anti isomer ratios were 90.8% syn and 9.2% anti for 18 Acres soil and 91.0 % and 9.0 % for Washington soil. This result demonstrated that the ratios remained the same throughout the study.
- Adsorption of 14C-labelled test item to soil: The initial concentrations of test item were calculated for each soil by the distribution of radioactivity. The Freundlich equations showed a good fit to the data with r2 values of 1.0. The corresponding 1/n values ranged from 0.92 to 0.97. The highest 1/n value was observed in Washington soil and lowest in 18 Acres soil. Using the McCall Classification scale to assess the chemical's potential mobility in soil (based on its KFOC), 14C-labelled test item can be classified as having a "low" potential mobility in Gartenacker and a "slight" potential mobility in 18 Acres,Visalia, Washington, Champaign High and Marsillargues soils.
- Desorption of 14C-labelled test item from soil: Average Kd values after the desorption step were found to be 96.63 for 18 Acres, 19.64 for Visalia, 18.21 for Washington, 54.51 Gartenacker, 88.86 Champaign High and 37.82 mL/g for Marsillargues soils, with corresponding average Koc values of 3786,4233, 6280, 2685, 3736 and 3623 mL/g (OC) respectively. The Freundlich equation showed a good fit to the desorption data in all soils with r2 values of 1.00 for the desorption step. The Freundlich coefficients (Kf) calculated for the first desorption step were found to be 68.34, 18.10, 18.10,39.51, 63.59 and 28.25, with corresponding KFOC values of 2678, 3901, 6241, 1946,2674 and 2706 for 18 Acres, Visalia, Washington, Gartenacker, Champaign High and Marsillargues soils respectively. The Kd, Koc, KF and KFOC values after the desorption step were all increasingly higher than those after the adsorption step for all soils. These data therefore suggest that adsorption of 14C-labelled test item is not fully reversible. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In an OECD TG 106, EPA 163.1 and Canada PMRA T-1-255 guidelines followed adsorption/desorption study, the Freundlich coefficients (KFOC) were calculated to be 2031, 2491, 4122, 1732, 2109 and 2009 L/kg for 18 Acres (sandy clay), Visalia (sandy loan), Washington (sand), Gartenacker (loam), Champaign High (silty clay) and Marsillargues (silty clay loam) soils, respectively.
- Executive summary:
The adsorption and desorption properties of pyrazole-14C-labelled-test item were studied in six soils: 18 Acres (sandy clay loam), Visalia (sandy loam), Washington (sand), Gartenacker (loam), Champaign High (silty clay) and Marsillargues (silty clay loam). The study was performed according to OECD TG 106, EPA 163-1 and Canada PMRA T-1 -255 guidelines, and in compliance with GLP criteria. The soil: aqueous ratios and the time for reaching adsorption and desorption equilibrium were determined in preliminary experiments. The definitive experiment was carried out at 20 ± 2°C using all six soils with a 23-hour adsorption phase and an 18.5-hour desorption phase. The final soil: aqueous ratios were 1 g of soil: 20 mL aqueous CaCl2 (1:20) for 18 Acres and Champaign High soils, and 2 g of soil : 20 mL aqueous (1:10) CaCl2 for Visalia, Washington, Gartenacker and Marsillargues soils. The 14C-labelled test substance was added to the soil: aqueous slurries to achieve five nominal rates of application (0.005, 0.02, 0.05, 0.2 and 0.5 µg/mL). The radiochemical purity of the treatment solutions as well as syn- and anti- isomer ratios in the soil extract, adsorption and desorption supernatants was determined by HPLC analysis. The amounts of radioactivity contained in solutions were measured using LSC.
The mass balance was determined on selected samples from the highest treatment concentration (0.5 µg/mL) in the definitive test. The mass balances ranged from 94.0 to 96.7 % of the applied radioactivity. These results were acceptable to justify the calculation of the radioactive soil concentrations within the test system. Freundlich coefficients (KFOC) were calculated to be 2031, 2491, 4122, 1732, 2109 and 2009 L/kg for 18 Acres (sandy clay), Visalia (sandy loan), Washington (sand), Gartenacker (loam), Champaign High (silty clay) and Marsillargues (silty clay loam) soils, respectively. Using the McCall Classification scale to assess a chemical's potential mobility in soil (based on its KFOC), both the syn- and anti- isomers of test item can be classified as having a "low" potential mobility in Gartenacker soil and a "slight" potential mobility in 18 Acres, Visalia, Washington, Champaign High and Marsillargues soils.
- Endpoint:
- adsorption / desorption, other
- Remarks:
- batch equilibrium method
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 5 Mar 2008 to 21 Jul 2009
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 106 (Adsorption - Desorption Using a Batch Equilibrium Method)
- Version / remarks:
- updated 21 January 2000
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of method:
- batch equilibrium method
- Media:
- soil
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Test temperature:
- 20 ± 2 °C
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Preliminary/screening test and advance test
- Sample intervals: In the preliminary/screening test the adsorption kinetics was followed for all soils after four time intervals: 2, 5, 24 and 48 hours of adsorption (shaking). For three intervals (2, 5 and 24 hours) one soil-to-solution ratio was used whereas for time interval 48 hours, three different soil-to-solution ratios were used. After 2, 5, 24 and 48 hours of desorption (shaking), duplicate tubes were sampled.
- Test concentration: 0.31 mg/L (Preliminary/screening test); 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.30 mg/L (advanced test) - Matrix no.:
- #1
- Matrix type:
- clay loam
- % Clay:
- 33.95
- % Silt:
- 24.94
- % Sand:
- 41.11
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.6
- pH:
- 5.89
- CEC:
- 29.4 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Matrix no.:
- #2
- Matrix type:
- clay
- % Clay:
- 61.86
- % Silt:
- 18.7
- % Sand:
- 19.44
- % Org. carbon:
- 1.86
- pH:
- 3.98
- CEC:
- 21.14 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Matrix no.:
- #3
- Matrix type:
- loamy sand
- % Clay:
- 11.8
- % Silt:
- 4.13
- % Sand:
- 84.07
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.65
- pH:
- 4.64
- CEC:
- 9.16 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Matrix no.:
- #4
- Matrix type:
- clay loam
- % Clay:
- 37.12
- % Silt:
- 39.8
- % Sand:
- 23.08
- % Org. carbon:
- 9.72
- pH:
- 3.58
- CEC:
- 58.15 meq/100 g soil d.w.
- Details on matrix:
- Sampling locations and characteristics of the soil are provided in Table 1 in 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables'.
COLLECTION AND STORAGE
- Geographic location:
Soil I: Piracicaba / RS- Brazil, 22°40’ S, 47°37’ W
Soil II: Veranópolis / RS- Brazil, 28°53’ S, 51°33’ W
Soil III: Osório / RS- Brazil, 29°53’ S, 50°16’ W
Soil IV: Viamão / RS- Brazil, 30°04’ S, 50°51’ W
- Collection procedures: Collection of the soils was performed based on ISO guideline 10381-6.
- Pesticide history: None of the soils had been fertilised for at least 6 month (organic), 3 month (anorganic), or treated with pesticides for at least 12 months prior to sampling.
- Sampling depth (cm): Soils II to IV were sampled from their top 20 cm soil layers in November 2007 and soil I in April 2008.
- Storage conditions: The soils were stored at about +4°C until use.
- Soil preparation: Soils were sieved to 2 mm after sampling and arrived in good condition at the test facility. Disaggregation was performed with minimal force, so that the original texture of the soil was not changed. Thereafter, the soils were homogenised and the moisture content determined by heating triplicate aliquots in an infrared drier. The air-dried soil samples were equilibrated by shaking with 0.01M CaCl2 solution in tarred test tubes over the weekend before the start of the experiment. The soil samples were equilibrated with about 90% of the final volume of the aqueous phase. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Type and further details on reaction vessel: Sealed glass centrifuge tubes which minimised adsorption of the test item on their surfaces.
- Amount of soil: 1 or 3 g
- Soil/water ratio: In the preliminary test, the adsorption behaviour of 14C-labelled test item was tested using three different soil (dry weight) to aqueous phase ratios (3/25, 1/50 and 1/100 for soil I; 1/25, 3/25 and 1/50 for soils II and III and 1/25, 1/50 and 1/100 for soil IV).
In the Advanced test, the soil/solution ratios of 1/25 (soils II and III), 1/50 (soil I) and 1/100 (soil IV) were used and the agitation time was 48 hours in order to determine the adsorption/desorption isotherms.
- Number of reaction vessels/concentration: 2
- Method of preparation of test solution: Soil samples were shaken each with 25, 50 or 100 mL 0.01 M CaCl2 solution, at the test concentration of 0.313 mg/L. The tubes were shaken in the dark at 160 rpm sufficient to keep the soil in homogeneous suspension. - Duration:
- 48 h
- Initial conc. measured:
- 0.31 other: mg/L
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Remarks:
- Preliminary test; applicable for all soils
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Initial conc. measured:
- >= 0.005 - <= 0.3 other: mg/L
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Remarks:
- Advanced test; applicable for all soils
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #1
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 1 785 L/kg
- pH:
- 5.89
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- clay loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.6
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #2
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 227 L/kg
- pH:
- 3.98
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- clay
- % Org. carbon:
- 1.86
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #3
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 3 861 L/kg
- pH:
- 4.46
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- loamy sand
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.65
- Key result
- Sample No.:
- #4
- Type:
- Koc
- Remarks:
- Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 585 L/kg
- pH:
- 3.58
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Matrix:
- clay loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 9.72
- Sample No.:
- #1
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc - Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 851 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 5.89
- Matrix:
- clay loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 2.6
- Sample No.:
- #2
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc - Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 2 936 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 3.98
- Matrix:
- clay
- % Org. carbon:
- 1.86
- Sample No.:
- #3
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc - Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 5 685 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 4.64
- Matrix:
- loamy sand
- % Org. carbon:
- 0.65
- Sample No.:
- #4
- Phase system:
- solids-water in soil
- Type:
- other: Koc - Desorption Freundlich Coefficient
- Value:
- 11 615 L/kg
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- pH:
- 3.58
- Matrix:
- clay loam
- % Org. carbon:
- 9.72
- Adsorption and desorption constants:
- An overview of the results is provided in Table 12 in "Any other information on results incl. tables"
Advanced test
- Adsorption: The results obtained were evaluated by applying the linear Freundlich equation. The resulting constants KF and KFOC are ranging between 41.419 - 251.277 and 1785 - 3861 respectively. The coefficients of determination (r2) for the linear regression of the linear form of the Freundlich equation were not lower than 0.9968. The 1/n values 0.99 for soils II and III show almost linearity involved in the adsorption process. In soils I and IV the values range from 0.87 to 0.90 indicating some concentration dependency of the adsorption behaviour. Radioactivity in the control samples was entirely recovered and was constant for all concentrations. The KFOC, ads values of soils II, III, and IV classify the test item as slightly mobile according to McCall. The KFOC, ads value of soil I characterised the test item as low mobile. According to the classification of Guth, the test item can be classified as immobile in the soils tested.
- Desorption: The (linear and nonlinear) isotherms were established from the values obtained after 48 hours of desorption. The resulting constants KF, des, 1/n and KFOC, des are ranging between 36.954 - 1129.025, 0.88 - 1.02, 2851 - 11615 respectively. The calculated KFOC, des values were higher than those obtained for the adsorption isotherms, indicating that a partially irreversible adsorption occurs in soil. The correlation coefficients (r2) for the linear regression of the linear form of the Freundlich equation were not lower than 0.9950. The 1/n values of the desorption step were close to 1.0 for soil II, III, and IV. For soil I, the 1/n value is similar to that for the adsorption isotherm. - Recovery of test material:
- An overview of the results is provided in Table 6 in "Any other information on results incl. tables"
- Preliminary/screening test: The mass balance was performed for soils II and III at the soil to aqueous phase ratio of 1/25 and 1/100 for soil I and at 1/50 for soil IV at a test item concentration of 0.31 mg/L. The recovery of the radioactivity was 107.4%, 90.1%, 91.1% and 94.0% for soils I, II, III and IV, respectively. In the supernatant, amounts of 69.3%, 33.0%, 45.0% and 12.5% of the applied radioactivity were detected. Extractions with acetonitrile/water (4/1; v/v) recovered 36.9%, 56.0%, 45.8% and 79.5% for soils I, II, III and IV, respectively. Only 1.2%, 1.1%, 0.3% and 2.0% of the radioactivity applied remained non-extracted. Analysis of the extractables by TLC showed only the test item. - Sample no.:
- #1
- Duration:
- 48 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 53.6 - <= 69.1
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measured in all concentrations
- Remarks:
- Advanced
- Sample no.:
- #2
- Duration:
- 48 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 61.5 - <= 65.4
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measured in all concentrations
- Remarks:
- Advanced
- Sample no.:
- #3
- Duration:
- 48 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 49.7 - <= 54.1
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measured in all concentrations
- Remarks:
- Advanced
- Sample no.:
- #4
- Duration:
- 48 h
- % Adsorption:
- >= 75.9 - <= 83.8
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measured in all concentrations
- Remarks:
- Advanced
- Sample no.:
- #1
- Duration:
- 48 h
- % Desorption:
- >= 36.2 - <= 55
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measured in all concentrations
- Remarks:
- Advanced
- Sample no.:
- #2
- Duration:
- 48 h
- % Desorption:
- >= 41.1 - <= 47.6
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measured in all concentrations
- Remarks:
- Advanced
- Sample no.:
- #3
- Duration:
- 48 h
- % Desorption:
- >= 27.7 - <= 32.9
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measured in all concentrations
- Remarks:
- Advanced
- Sample no.:
- #4
- Duration:
- 48 h
- % Desorption:
- >= 67.7 - <= 77
- Remarks on result:
- other: Measured in all concentrations
- Remarks:
- Advanced
- Transformation products:
- no
- Details on results (Batch equilibrium method):
- An overview of the results is provided in Table 2 – Table 14 in 'Any other information on results incl. tables'.
- Radiochemical purity and stability of the test item: The purity of 14C-labelled test item was tested by HPLC at treatment of the test solutions and by TLC in the incubated samples. 14C-labelled test item was determined to be stable, showing a purity of 100% at application and between 95.57% and 99.03% in the incubated sample after 48 hours of adsorption.
- Preliminary/screening test: All values reported here represent the mean of duplicate samples. The preliminary/screening test was performed using four soil types, soil I (Piracicaba, clay loam), soil II (Veranópolis, clay), soil III (Osório, loamy sand) and soil IV (Viamão, clay loam) and three different soil to solution ratios: 1/25, 3/25 and 1/50 or 1/100 at a test item concentration of 0.31 mg/L each. Adsorption kinetics was followed after 2, 5, 24 and 48 hours of shaking. Equilibrium of adsorption was reached within 24 to 48 hours of shaking. Consequently, an equilibration period of 48 hours was selected for the advanced test. The percentages of the applied amount adsorbed after 48 hours for soil I were 28.3%, 47.6% and 85.7% at the ratios 1/100, 1/50 and 3/25, respectively. The values for soil II were 53.2%, 66.7% and 85.1% at the ratios 1/50, 1/25 and 3/25 and for soil III, 47.3%, 60.9% and 80.1% at the same ratios. For soil IV the values were 63.7%, 86.6% and 96.6% at the ratios 1/100, 1/50 and 1/25. Therefore a soil-to-solution ratio of 1/25 for soils II and III, 1/50 for soil I and 1/100 for soil IV were used for the advanced test. No significant adsorption on the surface of the test vials was found in the control samples. A maximum amount of 6.4% was adsorbed after 48 hours.
The desorption kinetics was followed after 2, 5, 24 and 48 hours of shaking. The desorption equilibrium was reached after about 24 hours for all soils. Nevertheless, a desorption period of 48 hours was selected for the advanced test. For soil I, the amount desorbed after 48 hours accounted for 13.0% of the amounts applied. The corresponding values were 15.2% for soil II, 19.6% for soil III, and 3.6% for soil IV. The test item was stable in the supernatants during the adsorption and desorption steps. TLC analysis of the supernatants after 48 hours of adsorption/desorption confirmed the stability under the test conditions. - Statistics:
- Not reported.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In an OECD TG 106 followed adsorption/desorption study, Freundlich coefficients (KFOC) were calculated to be 1785, 2227, 3861 and 2585 L/kg in Argissolo (clay loam), Latossolo (clay), Neossolo (loamy sand) and Gleissolo (clay loam) soils, respectively.
- Executive summary:
The adsorption and desorption properties of 14C-phenyl labelled test substance were studied in four Brazilian soils: Argissolo (clay loam), Latossolo (clay), Neossolo (loamy sand) and Gleissolo (clay loam). The study was performed according to OECD TG 106 and in compliance with GLP criteria. A preliminary test showed that the adsorption and desorption reached equilibrium within 24 to 48 hours of shaking for all soil to solution ratios. The percentage of the applied amount that was adsorbed after 48 hours depended on the relative amount of soil and increased with increasing soil to aqueous phase ratio. Based on the results, the soil/solution ratios of 1/50 for soil I, 1/25 for soils II and III and 1/100 for soil IV, and the agitation time of 48 hours were chosen for the advanced test. In the advanced test, the adsorption and desorption properties of the 14C-labelled test substance were determined at five concentrations (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/L) covering ca. two orders of magnitude in all four soils. In addition, one control sample containing the test item only in 0.01 M CaCl2 solution (without soil) was set up to check the stability of the test item in CaCl2 solution and its possible adsorption to the surface of the test vessels. The test tubes were shortly shaken by hand and then mechanically shaken at 20 ± 2 °C on a rotary shaker in a temperature-controlled roomto establish equilibration. After equilibration, the soil and aqueous layers were separated by centrifuging. The aqueous phases decanted, and the supernatants analysed by 2D-TLC. After separation of the soil from the adsorption solution, the same volume of 0.01 M CaCl2 as removed after the adsorption step, was added. Thereafter, these mixtures were agitated in the same way as for the adsorption step. After desorption, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatants analysed by LSC and TLC.
In the preliminary test, the overall recoveries of applied radioactivity ranged from 90.1 – 107.4%. The control samples showed only negligible adsorption of the test item to the tube walls. No degradation of the test item in the aqueous phases was observed during the adsorption and desorption steps. In the advanced test, the Freundlich coefficients (KFOC) were calculated to be 1785, 2227, 3861 and 2585 L/kg in Argissolo (clay loam), Latossolo (clay), Neossolo (loamy sand) and Gleissolo (clay loam) soils, respectively.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 3. Concentrations of the test item equivalents (based on distribution of radioactivity)
Soil |
Treatment Concentration (µg/mL) |
Aqueous Phase Concentration (µg/mL) (a) |
Soil Phase Concentration (µg/g) (a) |
Percentage of Applied test item equivalents Adsorbed |
18 Acres 1:20 Soil:Aqueous Ratio |
0.5 |
0.1265 |
7.4762 |
74.7 |
0.1219 |
7.5698 |
75.6 |
||
0.2 |
0.0489 |
3.0220 |
75.6 |
|
0.0460 |
3.0786 |
77.0 |
||
0.05 |
0.0107 |
0.7943 |
78.8 |
|
0.0106 |
0.7959 |
79.0 |
||
0.02 |
0.0040 |
0.3279 |
80.5 |
|
0.0041 |
0.3250 |
79.8 |
||
0.005 |
0.0010 |
0.0821 |
80.7 |
|
0.0009 |
0.0829 |
81.5 |
||
Visalia 1:10 Soil:Aqueous Ratio |
0.5 |
0.2172 |
2.8312 |
56.6 |
0.2280 |
2.7240 |
54.4 |
||
0.2 |
0.0881 |
1.1182 |
55.9 |
|
0.0888 |
1.1119 |
55.6 |
||
0.05 |
0.0207 |
0.2967 |
58.9 |
|
0.0204 |
0.3003 |
59.6 |
||
0.02 |
0.0076 |
0.1275 |
62.6 |
|
0.0080 |
0.1234 |
60.6 |
||
0.005 |
0.0018 |
0.0316 |
63.6 |
|
0.0022 |
0.0282 |
56.7 |
||
Washington 1:10 Soil:Aqueous Ratio |
0.5 |
0.2380 |
2.6237 |
52.4 |
0.2158 |
2.8454 |
56.9 |
||
0.2 |
0.0875 |
1.1243 |
56.2 |
|
0.0898 |
1.1017 |
55.1 |
||
0.05 |
0.0207 |
0.2968 |
58.9 |
|
0.0214 |
0.2901 |
57.6 |
||
0.02 |
0.0081 |
0.1222 |
60.0 |
|
0.0083 |
0.1204 |
59.1 |
||
0.005 |
0.0021 |
0.0302 |
59.4 |
|
0.0023 |
0.0274 |
53.9 |
||
Gartenacker 1:10 Soil:Aqueous Ratio |
0.5 |
0.1025 |
3.9786 |
79.5 |
0.1073 |
3.9300 |
78.5 |
||
0.2 |
0.0390 |
1.6093 |
80.5 |
|
0.0384 |
1.6161 |
80.8 |
||
0.05 |
0.0094 |
0.4100 |
81.4 |
|
0.0090 |
0.4135 |
82.1 |
||
0.02 |
0.0036 |
0.1677 |
82.4 |
|
0.0036 |
0.1679 |
82.5 |
||
0.005 |
0.0008 |
0.0413 |
83.0 |
|
0.0009 |
0.0408 |
82.0 |
||
Champaign High 1:20 Soil:Aqueous Ratio |
0.5 |
0.1317 |
7.3737 |
73.7 |
0.1251 |
7.5049 |
75.0 |
||
0.2 |
0.0493 |
3.0139 |
75.4 |
|
0.0493 |
3.0134 |
75.3 |
||
0.05 |
0.0109 |
0.7900 |
78.4 |
|
0.0110 |
0.7868 |
78.1 |
||
0.02 |
0.0045 |
0.3175 |
78.0 |
|
0.0044 |
0.3192 |
78.4 |
||
0.005 |
0.0010 |
0.0811 |
79.8 |
|
0.0010 |
0.0822 |
80.9 |
||
Marsillargues 1:10 Soil:Aqueous Ratio |
0.5 |
0.1508 |
3.4957 |
69.9 |
0.1453 |
3.5505 |
71.0 |
||
0.2 |
0.0560 |
1.4400 |
72.0 |
|
0.0557 |
1.4424 |
72.1 |
||
0.05 |
0.0127 |
0.3767 |
74.8 |
|
0.0126 |
0.3779 |
75.0 |
||
0.02 |
0.0050 |
0.1531 |
75.2 |
|
0.0049 |
0.1548 |
76.0 |
||
0.005 |
0.0011 |
0.0387 |
77.7 |
|
0.0012 |
0.0382 |
76.7 |
(a) Based on distribution of radioactivity.
Table 4. Summary of Kd, Koc, KF, KFoc And 1/n values from the adsorption step
Soil |
Nominal Rate Applied Aqueous Phase (µg/mL) |
Partition Coefficient |
||||
Kd |
Koc |
KF |
Krnc |
1/n |
||
18 Acres |
0.5 |
60.60 |
2374 |
51.83 |
2031 |
0.92 |
0.2 |
64.37 |
2522 |
||||
0.05 |
74.81 |
2931 |
||||
0.02 |
80.88 |
3169 |
||||
0.005 |
86.09 |
3373 |
||||
Average Values: |
73.35 |
2874 |
||||
Visalia |
0.5 |
12.49 |
2692 |
11.56 |
2491 |
0.95 |
0.2 |
12.61 |
2717 |
||||
0.05 |
14.54 |
3134 |
||||
0.02 |
16.07 |
3464 |
||||
0.005 |
15.29 |
3295 |
||||
Average Values: |
14.2 |
3060 |
||||
Washington |
0.5 |
12.11 |
4174 |
11.95 |
4122 |
0.97 |
0.2 |
12.56 |
4330 |
||||
0.05 |
13.96 |
4812 |
||||
0.02 |
14.74 |
5082 |
||||
0.005 |
13.17 |
4540 |
||||
Average Values: |
13.31 |
4588 |
||||
Gartenacker |
0.5 |
37.72 |
1858 |
35.17 |
1732 |
0.95 |
0.2 |
41.69 |
2053 |
||||
0.05 |
44.73 |
2203 |
||||
0.02 |
46.92 |
2311 |
||||
0.005 |
47.05 |
2318 |
||||
Average Values: |
43.62 |
2149 |
||||
Champaign High |
0.5 |
58.00 |
2439 |
50.16 |
2109 |
0.93 |
0.2 |
61.16 |
2572 |
||||
0.05 |
71.92 |
3024 |
||||
0.02 |
71.69 |
3014 |
||||
0.005 |
81.80 |
3439 |
||||
Average Values: |
68.91 |
2898 |
||||
Marsiliargues |
0.5 |
23.81 |
2280 |
20.97 |
2009 |
0.93 |
0.2 |
25.81 |
2472 |
||||
0.05 |
29.81 |
2856 |
||||
0.02 |
31.03 |
2972 |
||||
0.005 |
33.91 |
3247 |
||||
Average Values: |
28.87 |
2766 |
Table 5. Summary of Kd, Koc, KF, Kfoc And 1/n Values From The desorption step
Soil |
Nominal Rate Applied Aqueous Phase (µg/mL) |
Partition Coefficient |
||||
Kd |
Koc |
Kf |
KFOc |
1/n |
||
18 Acres |
0.5 |
78.52 |
3076 |
68.34 |
2678 |
0.93 |
0.2 |
91.58 |
3588 |
||||
0.05 |
97.30 |
3812 |
||||
0.02 |
103.45 |
4054 |
||||
0.005 |
112.25 |
4399 |
||||
Average Values: |
96.63 |
3786 |
||||
Visalia |
0.5 |
18.52 |
3991 |
18.10 |
3901 |
0.98 |
0.2 |
18.77 |
4045 |
||||
0.05 |
20.16 |
4343 |
||||
0.02 |
21.17 |
4562 |
||||
0.005 |
19.60 |
4224 |
||||
Average Values: |
19.64 |
4233 |
||||
Washington |
0.5 |
18.08 |
6235 |
18.10 |
6241 |
1.00 |
0.2 |
17.83 |
6148 |
||||
0.05 |
19.29 |
6650 |
||||
0.02 |
17.59 |
6066 |
||||
0.005 |
18.27 |
6300 |
||||
Average Values: |
18.21 |
6280 |
||||
Gartenacker |
0.5 |
45.16 |
2225 |
39.51 |
1946 |
0.94 |
0.2 |
50.69 |
2497 |
||||
0.05 |
57.62 |
2838 |
||||
0.02 |
56.27 |
2771 |
||||
0.005 |
62.79 |
3093 |
||||
Average Values: |
54.51 |
2685 |
||||
Champaign High |
0.5 |
77.15 |
3244 |
63.59 |
2674 |
0.93 |
0.2 |
77.70 |
3267 |
||||
0.05 |
89.69 |
3771 |
||||
0.02 |
95.78 |
4028 |
||||
0.005 |
103.96 |
4371 |
||||
Average Values: |
88.86 |
3736 |
||||
Marsillargues |
0.5 |
33.48 |
3206 |
28.25 |
2706 |
0.94 |
0.2 |
33.89 |
3246 |
||||
0.05 |
38.47 |
3685 |
||||
0.02 |
38.78 |
3714 |
||||
0.005 |
44.51 |
4263 |
||||
Average Values: |
37.82 |
2766 |
Table 6. Mass balance in the definitive experiment
Soil Name |
% of Applied Radioactivity in: |
Total |
|||
Soil Extract |
Adsorption Supernatant |
Desorption Supernatant |
Soil Pellet |
||
18 Acres |
57.4 |
2.3.8 |
14.8 |
0.7 |
96.7 |
Visalia |
34.1 |
40.6 |
19.1 |
0.8 |
94.6 |
Washington |
29.5 |
44.7 |
19.4 |
0.4 |
94.0 |
Gartenacker |
63.1 |
18.6 |
13.3 |
1.5 |
96.5 |
Champaign High |
54.8 |
24.8 |
15.0 |
1.2 |
95.8 |
Marsillargues |
51.6 |
27.9 |
15.4 |
0.9 |
95.8 |
(a) Extractions were conducted on single samples, for each soil, which had been treated at the highest treatment concentration (0.5 µg/mL)
Table 7. HPLC analysis of samples from the definitive experiment
0.5µg/mLTreatment Rate - Aqueous Supematants from Adsorption and Desorption Steps
Soil |
Mean% test item (a) in |
Mean |
|
Adsorption Supernatant |
Desorption Supernatant |
||
18 Acres |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Visalia |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Washington |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Gartenacker |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Champaign High |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Marsil \argues |
100 |
100 |
100 |
(a) As measured by the HPLC software, according to its predefined integration algorithm.
0.5 µg/mL Treatment Rate -Acetonitrile/Water Extract from Soil Pellet (Post Desorption Step)
Soil |
% test item (a) in |
Mean |
|
Injection 1 |
Injection 2 |
||
18 Acres |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Visalia |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Washington |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Gartenacker |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Champaign High |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Marsi llargues |
100 |
100 |
100 |
(a) As measured by the HPLC software, according to its predefined integration algorithm.
Table 8. Syn And Anti Isomer Ratio HPLC Results From Selected 0.5 µg/mL Sample Extracts
Soil |
Sample |
Syn isomer |
Anti isomer |
Mean Syn and Anti Ratio |
18 Acres |
Soil Extract |
89.7 |
10.3 |
90.8 syn: 9.2 anti |
Adsorption Supernatant |
92.4 |
7.6 |
||
Desorption Supernatant |
89.7 |
10.3 |
||
Washington |
Soil Extract |
90.1 |
9.9 |
91.0 syn: 9.0 anti |
Adsorption Supernatant |
92.7 |
7.3 |
||
Desorption Supernatant |
90.1 |
10.0 |
Table 9. Investigation into the suitability of the test vessel
Incubation Time (Hours) |
Replicate |
Bq Applied |
Bq Recovered |
Recovery of Applied Activity(%) |
24 (Teflon) |
A |
66005 |
43140.1 |
65.4 |
B |
46130.1 |
69.9 |
||
48 (Teflon) |
A |
66005 |
49008.6 |
74.2 |
B |
48129.1 |
72.9 |
||
24 (Glass) |
A |
65234 |
56134.2 |
86.1 |
B |
55646.0 |
85.3 |
Table 10. Investigation into the suitability of the test vessel in the presence of soil
Sample |
Replicate |
Bq Recovered in Aqueous Supernatant |
Bq Recovered in Soil Extract |
Bq Recovered in Tube Rinse |
Recovery of Applied Activity(%) |
18 Acres (Teflon) |
A (Methanol) |
6.8 |
88.2 |
1.2 |
96.2 |
B (2M NaOH) |
6.7 |
86.0 |
0.5 |
93.2 |
|
18 Acres (Glass) |
A (Methanol) |
6.4 |
85.6 |
0.6 |
92.7 |
B (2M NaOH) |
6.5 |
86.1 |
0.3 |
92.9 |
|
Marsillargues (Teflon) |
A (Methanol) |
15.7 |
76.9 |
3.6 |
96.3 |
B (2M NaOH) |
16.0 |
78.1 |
1.4 |
95.5 |
|
Marsillargues (Glass) |
A (Methanol) |
13.4 |
71.7 |
0.5 |
85.6 (a) |
B (2M NaOH) |
14.8 |
78.8 |
0.3 |
93.9 |
(a) The low recovery is assumed to be due to leakage from the glass vessel during adsorption.
Table 11. Soil:Aqueous Ratio Results From The Soil:Aqueous Preliminary Experiment
Soil Type |
Soil:Aqueous Ratio |
Concentration in Aqueous Phase (µg/mL) (a) |
Concentration on Soil (µg/mL) (a) |
Kd (a) |
KOC (a) |
% of Applied test item Adsorbed to Soil (a) |
18 Acres |
1:2 |
0.0205 |
1.0303 |
50.39 |
1974 |
96 |
1:5 |
0.0450 |
2.4531 |
54.52 |
2136 |
92 |
|
1:10 |
0.0777 |
4.5790 |
58.93 |
2309 |
85 |
|
1:20 |
0.1338 |
8.1589 |
60.99 |
2390 |
75 |
|
Visalia |
1:2 |
0.0979 |
0.8754 |
8.94 |
1927 |
82 |
1:5 |
0.1773 |
1.7915 |
10.11 |
2179 |
67 |
|
1:10 |
0.2383 |
2.9731 |
12.51 |
2696 |
56 |
|
Washington |
1:2 |
0.0970 |
0.8773 |
9.08 |
3132 |
82 |
1:5 |
0.1801 |
1.7775 |
9.87 |
3404 |
66 |
|
1:10 |
0.2526 |
2.8305 |
11.22 |
3870 |
53 |
|
Gartenacker |
1:2 |
0.0319 |
1.0073 |
31.54 |
1553 |
94 |
1:5 |
0.0663 |
2.3464 |
35.38 |
1743 |
88 |
|
1:10 |
0.1158 |
4.1982 |
36.26 |
1786 |
78 |
|
1:20 |
0.1914 |
7.0064 |
36.61 |
1803 |
65 |
|
Champaign High |
1:2 |
0.0216 |
1.0280 |
47.52 |
1998 |
96 |
1:5 |
0.0448 |
2.4540 |
54.79 |
2304 |
92 |
|
1:10 |
0.0833 |
4.5233 |
54.31 |
2284 |
84 |
|
1:20 |
0.1349 |
8.1354 |
60.29 |
2535 |
75 |
|
Marsillargues |
1:2 |
0.0438 |
0.9837 |
22.47 |
2152 |
92 |
1:5 |
0.0984 |
2.1859 |
22.21 |
2127 |
82 |
|
1:10 |
0.1599 |
3.7575 |
23.52 |
2252 |
70 |
|
1:20 |
0.2248 |
6.3383 |
28.26 |
2706 |
59 |
(a) Based on distribution of radioactivity.
Table 12 Adsorption Of 14C -labelled test item during the preliminary adsorption experiment
Soil Type |
Soil:Aqueous Ratio |
Time (Hours) |
Concentration in Aqueous Phase (µg/mL) (a) |
Concentration on Soil (µg/g) (a) |
Kd (a) |
Koc (a)
|
% of Applied test item Adsorbed to Soil (a) |
18 Acres |
1:20 |
1 |
0.1738 |
7.4116 |
42.65 |
1651 |
68 |
3 |
0.1581 |
7.7263 |
48.90 |
1916 |
71 |
||
6 |
0.1517 |
7.8545 |
51.79 |
2029 |
72 |
||
24 |
0.1455 |
7.9772 |
55.31 |
2167 |
73 |
||
48 |
0.1245 |
8.3985 |
67.48 |
2644 |
77 |
||
Visalia |
1:10 |
1 |
0.2958 |
2.4856 |
8.41 |
1812 |
46 |
3 |
0.2755 |
2.6887 |
9.76 |
2103 |
49 |
||
6 |
0.2620 |
2.8237 |
10.78 |
2323 |
52 |
||
24 |
0.2462 |
2.9820 |
12.12 |
2613 |
55 |
||
48 |
0.2130 |
3.3135 |
15.55 |
3352 |
61 |
||
Washington |
1:10 |
1 |
0.2797 |
2.6467 |
9.46 |
3262 |
49 |
3 |
0.2715 |
2.7290 |
10.06 |
3469 |
50 |
||
6 |
0.2665 |
2.7787 |
10.43 |
3595 |
51 |
||
24 |
0.2365 |
3.0793 |
13.02 |
4490 |
57 |
||
48 |
0.2359 |
3.0851 |
13.08 |
4510 |
57 |
||
Gaetenacker |
1:10 |
1 |
0.1363 |
4.0814 |
29.96 |
1476 |
75 |
3 |
0.1325 |
4.1194 |
31.10 |
1532 |
76 |
||
6 |
0.1247 |
4.1971 |
33.68 |
1659 |
77 |
||
24 |
0.1126 |
4.3182 |
38.47 |
1895 |
79 |
||
48 |
0.1167 |
4.2769 |
36.69 |
1807 |
79 |
||
Champaign High |
1:20 |
1 |
0.1611 |
7.6764 |
47.64 |
2003 |
71 |
3 |
0.1577 |
7.7444 |
49.10 |
2065 |
71 |
||
6 |
0.1503 |
7.8917 |
52.50 |
2208 |
72 |
||
24 |
0.1384 |
8.1298 |
58.77 |
2471 |
75 |
||
48 |
0.1299 |
8.2999 |
63.92 |
2688 |
76 |
||
Marsillargues |
1:10 |
1 |
0.1964 |
3.4803 |
17.72 |
1698 |
64 |
3 |
0.1854 |
3.5904 |
19.38 |
1856 |
66 |
||
6 |
0.1757 |
3.6871 |
20.99 |
2010 |
68 |
||
24 |
0.1604 |
3.8395 |
23.93 |
2292 |
71 |
||
48 |
0.1513 |
3.9314 |
25.99 |
2490 |
72 |
(a) Based on distribution of radioactivity.
Table 13 Desorption of 14C -labelled test item during the preliminary desorption experiment
Soil |
Soil: Aqueous Ratio |
Mean Kd from24 Hour Adsorption Step (al |
Time (Hours) |
Concentration on Soil After Adsorption Step (µg/g) (a) |
Concentration on Soil After Desorption Step (µg/g) (a) |
Kd (a) |
Koc (a) |
% of Applied Radioactivity Desorbed from Soil (a) |
18 Acres |
1:20 |
63.76 |
1 |
8.4307 |
6.8499 |
79.03 |
3097 |
19 |
3 |
8.3746 |
6.7231 |
74.41 |
2915 |
20 |
|||
6 |
8.3114 |
6.6702 |
74.06 |
2902 |
20 |
|||
24 |
8.3030 |
6.6718 |
74.48 |
2918 |
20 |
|||
Visalia |
1:10 |
11.95 |
1 |
2.9821 |
2.0419 |
18.51 |
3989 |
32 |
3 |
2.9932 |
1.9918 |
17.13 |
3691 |
33 |
|||
6 |
3.0048 |
1.9833 |
16.76 |
3613 |
34 |
|||
24 |
2.9733 |
1.9739 |
16.97 |
3658 |
34 |
|||
Washington |
1:10 |
11.72 |
1 |
2.9775 |
2.0529 |
19.10 |
6586 |
31 |
3 |
2.9320 |
1.9289 |
16.71 |
5763 |
34 |
|||
6 |
2.9731 |
1.9941 |
17.66 |
6088 |
33 |
|||
24 |
2.9605 |
1.9547 |
16.89 |
5823 |
34 |
|||
Gartenacker |
:10 |
36.61 |
1 |
4.3116 |
3.6085 |
44.29 |
2182 |
16 |
3 |
4.3088 |
3.5888 |
43.13 |
2124 |
17 |
|||
6 |
4.3346 |
3.6290 |
44.53 |
2193 |
16 |
|||
24 |
4.2900 |
3.5800 |
43.45 |
2140 |
17 |
|||
Champaign High |
1:20 |
54.64 |
1 |
8.0852 |
6.5105 |
74.65 |
3139 |
19 |
3 |
8.0171 |
6.3141 |
67.28 |
2829 |
21 |
|||
6 |
8.0155 |
6.3365 |
68.38 |
2875 |
21 |
|||
24 |
8.0562 |
6.4316 |
71.60 |
3011 |
20 |
|||
Marsillargues |
1:10 |
23.00 |
1 |
3.8323 |
3.0487 |
33.59 |
3217 |
20 |
3 |
3.8192 |
2.9919 |
31.42 |
3009 |
22 |
|||
6 |
3.8332 |
3.0026 |
31.45 |
3012 |
22 |
|||
24 |
3.8186 |
2.9628 |
30.23 |
2896 |
22 |
(a) Based on distribution of radioactivity.
Table 2. Preliminary/Screening Test: Radioactivity Adsorbed to Soils I (Piracicaba) and II (Veranópolis), Using Three Different Soil to Solution Ratios at an Initial Concentration of 0.31 mg/L (Values are given in percent of applied radioactivity)
Soil I (clay loam) % of applied |
Adsorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
1/100 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
11.5 |
20.3 |
23.0 |
25.4 |
Sample B |
11.1 |
14.0 |
25.0 |
31.1 |
Mean |
11.3 |
17.1 |
24.0 |
28.3 |
1/50 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
50.6 |
Sample B |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
44.6 |
Mean |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
47.6 |
3/25 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
n.p.. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
87.1 |
Sample B |
n.p.. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
84.3 |
Mean |
n.p.. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
85.7 |
Soil II (clay) % of applied |
Adsorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
1/25 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
51.7 |
57.5 |
64.6 |
67.3 |
Sample B |
51.7 |
57.2 |
64.1 |
66.1 |
Mean |
51.7 |
57.4 |
64.4 |
66.7 |
1/50 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
n.p. |
n.p |
n.p |
54.1 |
Sample B |
n.p |
n.p |
n.p |
52.3 |
Mean |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
53.2 |
3/25 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
85.0 |
Sample B |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
85.1 |
Mean |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
85.1 |
n.p. not performed
Table 3. Preliminary/Screening Test: Radioactivity Adsorbed to Soil III (Osório), Soil IV (Viamão) and Radioactivity of the Control Samples Using Three Different Soil to Solution Ratios at an Initial Concentration of 0.31 mg/L
(Values are given in percent of applied radioactivity).
Soil III (loamy sand) % of applied |
Adsorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
1/25 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
37.8 |
52.2 |
58.2 |
58.1 |
Sample B |
36.7 |
51.4 |
56.0 |
63.7 |
Mean |
37.3 |
51.8 |
57.1 |
60.9 |
1/50 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
45.5 |
Sample B |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
49.1 |
Mean |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
47.3 |
3/25 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
81.0 |
Sample B |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
79.3 |
Mean |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
80.1 |
Soil IV (clay loam) % of applied |
Adsorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
1/100 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
62.4 |
Sample B |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
65.1 |
Mean |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
63.7 |
1/50 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
52.9 |
66.3 |
81.0 |
86.4 |
Sample B |
45.0 |
70.7 |
85.6 |
86.7 |
Mean |
48.9 |
68.5 |
83.3 |
86.6 |
1/25 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
96.6 |
Sample B |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
96.6 |
Mean |
n.p. |
n.p. |
n.p. |
96.6 |
Control % of applied |
Adsorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
Sample A |
104.8 |
100.8 |
102.2 |
92.9 |
Sample B |
100.1 |
103.7 |
101.1 |
94.3 |
Mean |
102.5 |
102.3 |
101.6 |
93.6 |
n.p. not performed
Table 4. Results of the Preliminary/Screening Test. Distribution of 14C-test item Between Aqueous Phase and Soil After Adsorption for 48 Hours at Soil to Aqueous Phase Ratios of 1/25, 1/50 and 1/100
Sample |
Ratio |
m [g] |
Vo [mL] |
m(ads)s [µg] |
m(ads)aq [µg] |
Kd [mL/g] |
Kd*ratio [mL/g] |
Koc [mL/g] |
Soil I (clay loam) Sample A Sample B |
1/100 |
1 1 |
100 100 |
7.95 9.74 |
23.33 21.55 |
34.09 45.19 |
0.34 0.45 |
1311 1738 |
Mean |
8.85 |
22.44 |
39.64 |
0.40 |
1525 |
|||
Soil II (clay) Sample A Sample B |
1/25 |
1 1 |
25 25 |
5.26 5.17 |
2.56 2.65 |
51.47 48.83 |
2.06 1.95 |
2767 2625 |
Mean |
5.22 |
2.60 |
50.15 |
2.01 |
2696 |
|||
Soil III (loamy sand) Sample A Sample B |
1/25 |
1 1 |
25 25 |
4.54 4.99 |
3.28 2.84 |
34.63 43.95 |
1.39 1.76 |
5327 6762 |
Mean |
4.76 |
3.06 |
39.29 |
1.57 |
6044 |
|||
Soil IV (clay loam) Sample A Sample B |
1/50 |
1 1 |
50 50 |
13.51 13.57 |
2.13 2.08 |
316.85 326.87 |
6.34 6.54 |
3260 3363 |
Mean |
13.54 |
2.10 |
321.86 |
6.44 |
3311 |
m |
= |
Mass of soil (g) |
Vo |
= |
Initial volume of the aqueous phase in contact with the soil (mL) |
m(ads)s |
= |
Mass of the test item adsorbed on the soil at adsorption equilibrium (µg) |
m(ads)aq |
= |
Mass of test item in the solution at adsorption equilibrium (µg) |
Kd |
= |
Distribution coefficient (mL/g) |
Table 5. Preliminary/Screening Test: Desorption Kinetics for Soils I (Piracicaba), II (Veranópolis), III (Osório) and IV (Viamão) (Values are given in percent of applied radioactivity).
Soil I (clay loam) % of applied |
Desorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
1/100 Sample A Sample B |
10.3 12.1 |
11.6 10.2 |
15.1 12.8 |
12.8 13.3 |
Mean |
11.2 |
10.9 |
13.9 |
13.0 |
Soil II (clay) % of applied |
Desorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
1/25 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
13.8 |
15.4 |
16.6 |
14.9 |
Sample B |
13.3 |
15.4 |
16.3 |
15.4 |
Mean |
13.5 |
15.4 |
16.5 |
15.2 |
Soil III (loamy sand) % of applied |
Desorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
1/25 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
15.1 |
17.9 |
18.4 |
19.7 |
Sample B |
15.9 |
17.8 |
19.5 |
19.4 |
Mean |
15.5 |
17.8 |
18.9 |
19.6 |
Soil IV (clay loam) % of applied |
Desorption time (hours) |
|||
2 |
5 |
24 |
48 |
|
1/50 |
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
3.9 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
Sample B |
3.0 |
4.9 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
Mean |
3.5 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.6 |
Table 6. Preliminary/Screening Test: Mass Balance in Percent of Radioactivity Applied After 48 Hours of Adsorption at an Initial Concentration of 0.31 mg/L
Sample |
Ratio |
mass applied [µg] |
(ads)aq [%] |
(ads)extract [%] |
(ads)residue [%] |
recovery [%] |
Soil I (clay loam) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A Sample B |
1/100 |
31.3 31.3 |
66.4 72.2 |
35.7 38.2 |
1.3 1.1 |
103.3 111.5 |
Mean |
|
31.3 |
69.3 |
36.9 |
1.2 |
107.4 |
Soil II (clay) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A Sample B |
1/25 |
7.8 7.8 |
32.6 33.4 |
56.4 55.7 |
1.2 0.9 |
90.2 90.0 |
Mean |
|
7.8 |
33.0 |
56.0 |
1.1 |
90.1 |
Soil III (loamy sand) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A Sample B |
1/25 |
7.8 7.8 |
45.1 44.9 |
46.0 45.6 |
0.3 0.4 |
91.4 90.8 |
Mean |
|
7.8 |
45.0 |
45.8 |
0.3 |
91.1 |
Soil IV (clay loam) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A Sample B |
1/50 |
15.6 15.6 |
11.9 13.1 |
79.6 79.5 |
2.0 1.9 |
93.5 94.5 |
Mean |
|
15.6 |
12.5 |
79.5 |
2.0 |
94.0 |
(ads)aq: Percent of the amount applied remaining in the total aqueous phase (including soil pore water) (ads)extract: Percent of the amount applied extracted by acetonitrile/water (4:1; v/v) (without soil pore water) (ads)residue: Percent of the amount applied remaining in the soil determined by combustion
Table 7. Advanced Test: Distribution of 14C-test otem Between Aqueous Phase and Soil I After 48 Hours of Adsorption (Top) and Desorption (Bottom). Soil to Solution Ratio: 1/50, Evaluation According to the Linear Freundlich Isotherms
|
Soil I (clay loam) |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
c(ads)aq (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
0.141 |
0.042 |
0.019 |
0.003 |
0.002 |
Sample B |
0.141 |
0.042 |
0.019 |
0.003 |
0.002 |
Mean (mg/L) |
0.141 |
0.042 |
0.019 |
0.003 |
0.002 |
m(ads)s (µg) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
8.15 |
3.04 |
1.48 |
0.35 |
0.16 |
Sample B |
8.14 |
3.04 |
1.50 |
0.35 |
0.17 |
Mean (µg) |
8.15 |
3.04 |
1.49 |
0.35 |
0.17 |
Mean (% of applied) |
53.6 |
59.2 |
60.9 |
69.1 |
65.4 |
m(ads)s / m(soil) (µg/g) |
8.146 |
3.045 |
1.492 |
0.352 |
0.169 |
log(m(ads)s / m(soil)) |
0.911 |
0.484 |
0.174 |
-0.454 |
-0.773 |
c(ads)aq (mg/L) |
0.141 |
0.042 |
0.019 |
0.003 |
0.002 |
log(c(ads)aq) |
-0.851 |
-1.376 |
-1.718 |
-2.502 |
-2.749 |
|
Soil I (clay loam) |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
c(des)aq (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
0.058 |
0.018 |
0.008 |
0.001 |
0.001 |
Sample B |
0.053 |
0.017 |
0.008 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
Mean (mg/L) |
0.056 |
0.018 |
0.008 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
m(des)s (µg) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
5.381 |
2.185 |
1.090 |
0.284 |
0.128 |
Sample B |
5.623 |
2.243 |
1.092 |
0.276 |
0.122 |
Mean (µg) |
5.502 |
2.214 |
1.091 |
0.280 |
0.125 |
Mean (% of applied) |
36.2 |
43.0 |
44.5 |
55.0 |
48.5 |
m(des)s / m(soil) (µg/g) |
5.502 |
2.214 |
1.091 |
0.280 |
0.125 |
log(m(des)s / m(soil)) |
0.741 |
0.345 |
0.038 |
-0.553 |
-0.903 |
c(des)aq (mg/L) |
0.056 |
0.018 |
0.008 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
log(c(des)aq) |
-1.254 |
-1.754 |
-2.078 |
-2.818 |
-3.081 |
Ci = Initial concentration in the supernatant before adsorption m(ads)s = Mass of the test item adsorbed on the soil at adsorption
equilibrium (µg)
m (soil) = Mass of soil (1 g dry soil)
C(ads)aq = Concentration of test item in the solution at adsorption equilibrium (µg)
Table 8. Advanced Test: Distribution of 14C-test item Between Aqueous Phase and Soil II After 48 Hours of Adsorption (Top) and Desorption (Bottom). Soil to Solution Ratio: 1/25, Evaluation According to the Linear Freundlich Isotherms
|
Soil II (Clay) |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
c(ads)aq (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
0.115 |
0.037 |
0.019 |
0.003 |
0.002 |
Sample B |
0.116 |
0.038 |
0.018 |
0.004 |
0.002 |
Mean (mg/L) |
0.115 |
0.037 |
0.018 |
0.004 |
0.002 |
m(ads)s (µg) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
4.74 |
1.65 |
0.76 |
0.17 |
0.08 |
Sample B |
4.71 |
1.62 |
0.77 |
0.17 |
0.08 |
Mean (µg) |
4.72 |
1.64 |
0.77 |
0.17 |
0.08 |
Mean (% of applied) |
62.1 |
63.7 |
62.4 |
65.4 |
61.5 |
m(ads)s / m(soil) (µg/g) |
4.722 |
1.638 |
0.765 |
0.166 |
0.079 |
log(m(ads)s / m(soil)) |
0.674 |
0.214 |
-0.116 |
-0.779 |
-1.101 |
c(ads)aq (mg/L) |
0.115 |
0.037 |
0.018 |
0.004 |
0.002 |
log(c(ads)aq) |
-0.939 |
-1.427 |
-1.735 |
-2.454 |
-2.703 |
|
Soil II (Clay) |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
c(des)aq (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
0.063 |
0.021 |
0.011 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
Sample B |
0.063 |
0.021 |
0.011 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
Mean (mg/L) |
0.063 |
0.021 |
0.011 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
m(des)s (µg) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
3.304 |
1.170 |
0.514 |
0.121 |
0.053 |
Sample B |
3.309 |
1.171 |
0.515 |
0.121 |
0.053 |
Mean (µg) |
3.307 |
1.171 |
0.515 |
0.121 |
0.053 |
Mean (% of applied) |
43.5 |
45.5 |
42.0 |
47.6 |
41.1 |
m(des)s / m(soil) (µg/g) |
3.307 |
1.171 |
0.515 |
0.121 |
0.053 |
log(m(des)s / m(soil)) |
0.519 |
0.068 |
-0.288 |
-0.917 |
-1.276 |
c(des)aq (mg/L) |
0.063 |
0.021 |
0.011 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
log(c(des)aq) |
-1.199 |
-1.675 |
-1.975 |
-2.689 |
-2.942 |
Ci = Initial concentration in the supernatant before adsorption
m(ads)s = Mass of the test item adsorbed on the soil at adsorption equilibrium (µg) m (soil) = Mass of soil (1 g dry soil)
C(ads)aq = Concentration of test item in the solution at adsorption equilibrium (µg)
Table 9. Advanced Test: Distribution of 14C-test item Between Aqueous Phase and Soil III After 48 Hours of Adsorption (Top) and Desorption (Bottom). Soil to Solution Ratio: 1/25, Evaluation According to the Linear Freundlich Isotherms
|
Soil III (loamy sand) |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
c(ads)aq (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
0.149 |
0.048 |
0.025 |
0.005 |
0.003 |
Sample B |
0.156 |
0.050 |
0.023 |
0.005 |
0.003 |
Mean (mg/L) |
0.153 |
0.049 |
0.024 |
0.005 |
0.003 |
m(ads)s (µg) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
3.87 |
1.38 |
0.61 |
0.14 |
0.07 |
Sample B |
3.69 |
1.33 |
0.64 |
0.14 |
0.06 |
Mean (µg) |
3.78 |
1.35 |
0.63 |
0.14 |
0.06 |
Mean (% of applied) |
49.7 |
52.5 |
51.2 |
54.1 |
50.4 |
m(ads)s / m(soil) (µg/g) |
3.780 |
1.351 |
0.627 |
0.138 |
0.065 |
log(m(ads)s / m(soil)) |
0.577 |
0.131 |
-0.203 |
-0.862 |
-1.188 |
c(ads)aq (mg/L) |
0.153 |
0.049 |
0.024 |
0.005 |
0.003 |
log(c(ads)aq) |
-0.816 |
-1.311 |
-1.621 |
-2.330 |
-2.593 |
|
Soil III (loamy sand) |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
c(des)aq (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
0.068 |
0.022 |
0.012 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
Sample B |
0.068 |
0.022 |
0.011 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
Mean (mg/L) |
0.068 |
0.022 |
0.011 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
m(des)s (µg) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
2.259 |
0.843 |
0.338 |
0.084 |
0.036 |
Sample B |
2.268 |
0.844 |
0.340 |
0.084 |
0.036 |
Mean (µg) |
2.264 |
0.843 |
0.339 |
0.084 |
0.036 |
Mean (% of applied) |
29.8 |
32.8 |
27.7 |
32.9 |
27.7 |
m(des)s / m(soil) (µg/g) |
2.264 |
0.843 |
0.339 |
0.084 |
0.036 |
log(m(des)s / m(soil)) |
0.355 |
-0.074 |
-0.470 |
-1.077 |
-1.447 |
c(des)aq (mg/L) |
0.068 |
0.022 |
0.011 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
log(c(des)aq) |
-1.167 |
-1.650 |
-1.941 |
-2.642 |
-2.900 |
Ci |
= |
Initial concentration in the supernatant before adsorption |
m(ads)s |
= |
Mass of the test item adsorbed on the soil at adsorption |
|
|
equilibrium (µg) |
m (soil) |
= |
Mass of soil (1 g dry soil) |
C(ads)aq |
= |
Concentration of test item in the solution at adsorption |
|
|
equilibrium (µg) |
Table 10. Advanced Test: Distribution of 14C-test item Between Aqueous Phase and Soil IV After 48 Hours of Adsorption (Top) and Desorption (Bottom). Soil to Solution Ratio: 1/100, Evaluation According to the Linear Freundlich Isotherms
|
Soil IV (clay loam) |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
c(ads)aq (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
0.079 |
0.019 |
0.010 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
Sample B |
0.067 |
0.021 |
0.011 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
Mean (mg/L) |
0.073 |
0.020 |
0.010 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
m(ads)s (µg) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
22.46 |
8.37 |
3.91 |
0.85 |
0.43 |
Sample B |
23.70 |
8.19 |
3.85 |
0.86 |
0.43 |
Mean (µg) |
23.08 |
8.28 |
3.88 |
0.85 |
0.43 |
Mean (% of applied) |
75.9 |
80.5 |
79.2 |
83.8 |
83.1 |
m(ads)s / m(soil) (µg/g) |
23.082 |
8.282 |
3.880 |
0.853 |
0.428 |
log(m(ads)s / m(soil)) |
1.363 |
0.918 |
0.589 |
-0.069 |
-0.369 |
c(ads)aq (mg/L) |
0.073 |
0.020 |
0.010 |
0.002 |
0.001 |
log(c(ads)aq) |
-1.136 |
-1.697 |
-1.991 |
-2.783 |
-3.060 |
|
Soil IV (clay loam) |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
c(des)aq (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
0.021 |
0.006 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
0.0004 |
Sample B |
0.019 |
0.006 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
0.0003 |
Mean (mg/L) |
0.020 |
0.006 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
0.0004 |
m(des)s (µg) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
20.476 |
7.811 |
3.600 |
0.784 |
0.391 |
Sample B |
20.680 |
7.803 |
3.625 |
0.784 |
0.393 |
Mean (µg) |
20.578 |
7.807 |
3.613 |
0.784 |
0.392 |
Mean (% of applied) |
67.7 |
75.8 |
73.7 |
77.0 |
76.1 |
m(des)s / m(soil) (µg/g) |
20.578 |
7.807 |
3.613 |
0.784 |
0.392 |
log(m(des)s / m(soil)) |
1.313 |
0.892 |
0.558 |
-0.106 |
-0.407 |
c(des)aq (mg/L) |
0.020 |
0.006 |
0.003 |
0.001 |
0.000 |
log(c(des)aq) |
-1.700 |
-2.221 |
-2.506 |
-3.174 |
-3.442 |
Ci = Initial concentration in the supernatant before adsorption
m(ads)s = Mass of the test item adsorbed on the soil at adsorption equilibrium (µg) m (soil) = Mass of soil (1 g dry soil)
C(ads)aq = Concentration of test item in the solution at adsorption equilibrium (µg)
Table 11. Advanced Test: Radioactivity Recovered in the Control Solutions (not Containing any Soil) After 48 Hours of Shaking
|
Controls |
||||
Concentration Ci (mg/L) |
0.304 |
0.103 |
0.049 |
0.010 |
0.005 |
m(ads)aq (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sample A |
94.3 |
90.1 |
94.2 |
95.5 |
105.1 |
Sample B |
94.7 |
94.8 |
100.4 |
94.3 |
106.4 |
Mean |
94.5 |
92.4 |
97.3 |
94.9 |
105.7 |
Table12. Advanced Test: Freundlich Parameters After Adsorption (Top) and Desorption (Bottom) of 14C-test item for Soils I to III (Soil to Solution Ratio: 1/25) and Soil IV (Soil to Solution Ratio: 1/100)
Parameter |
Soil I (Clay loam) |
Soil II (Clay) |
Soil III (loamy sand) |
Soil IV (clay loam) |
log(KF) |
1.667 |
1.617 |
1.400 |
2.400 |
KF, ads |
46.403 |
41.419 |
25.096 |
251.277 |
KFOC, ads |
1785 |
2227 |
3861 |
2585 |
KFOM, ads |
1035 |
1292 |
2239 |
1500 |
1/n |
0.87 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.90 |
r2 |
0.9968 |
0.9984 |
0.9985 |
0.9981 |
Parameter |
Soil I (Clay loam) |
Soil II (Clay) |
Soil III (loamy sand) |
Soil IV (clay loam) |
log(KF) |
1.8700 |
1.7372 |
1.5677 |
3.053 |
KF, des |
74.128 |
54.606 |
36.954 |
1129.025 |
KFOC, des |
2851 |
2936 |
5685 |
11615 |
KFOM, des |
1654 |
1703 |
3298 |
6738 |
1/n |
0.88 |
1.01 |
1.02 |
1.00 |
r2 |
0.9954 |
0.9967 |
0.9950 |
0.9971 |
KF = Freundlich adsorption constant
KFOC = Freundlich adsorption constant related to soil organic carbon content KFOM = Freundlich adsorption constant related to soil organic matter content 1/n = Freundlich exponent
r2 = Coefficient of determination SD = Standard deviation
Table 13. pH Values Measured in the Aqueous Phase of Samples Without Soil and After Equilibration With Soil
Sample |
CaCl2 0.01M |
Soil I |
Soil II |
Soil III |
Soil IV |
Ratio |
5.4 |
1:50 |
1:25 |
1:25 |
1:100 |
pH |
6.1 |
4.3 |
5.8 |
4.0 |
Table 14. Adsorption Classes According to J.A. Guth (Top) and P.J. McCall (Bottom)
J. A. Guth
Range |
Adsorption |
Class |
Mobility |
|||
Pow |
RMF |
Koc |
Kom (Q- value) |
|
|
|
> 10000 |
< 0.15 |
> 1725 |
> 1000 |
very strong |
I |
immobile |
< 10000 |
> 0.15 |
< 1725 |
< 1000 |
strong |
II |
little mobile |
> 500 |
< 0.8 |
> 172 |
>100 |
|||
< 500 |
> 0.8 |
<172 |
< 100 |
moderate |
III |
moderately mobile |
> 150 |
< 1.3 |
> 86 |
> 50 |
|||
< 150 |
> 1.3 |
< 86 |
< 50 |
slight |
IV |
Considerably (slightly) mobile |
> 50 |
< 2.5 |
> 34 |
> 20 |
|||
< 50 |
> 2.5 |
< 34 |
< 20 |
low |
V |
mobile |
> 20 |
< 5 |
> 17 |
> 10 |
|||
< 20 |
> 5 |
< 17 |
< 10 |
very low |
VI |
very mobile |
P.J. McCall
Koc |
Mobility Class |
0 - 50 |
very high |
50 - 150 |
high |
150 - 500 |
medium |
500 -2000 |
low |
2000 - 5000 |
slight |
> 5000 |
immobile |
Pow = Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient
Koc = Adsorption constant related to µg active ingredient (a.i.) adsorbed to 1 g organic carbon at equilibrium concentration Ce = 1 µg a.i./mL
KOM = Adsorption constant related to µg active ingredient (a.i.) adsorbed to 1 g organic matter at equilibrium concentration Ce = 1 µg a.i./mL
Koc = 1.724 · KOM;
Koc = KF · 100 / %-OC; KF: Freundlich adsorption constant
RMF = Relative mobility factor (determined in column leaching experiments)
Description of key information
Arithmetic mean Koc = 2485 L/kg based on studies covering 10 soils, equilibrium batch method, OECD TG 106, EPA guideline 163.1 and Canada PMRA guideline T-1 -255 followed, Elliott & Ricketts (6 soils), 2006 and Fahrbach, 2009 (4 soils).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Koc at 20 °C:
- 2 485
Additional information
There are two studies available for this endpoint. The first study covered 6 types of soil and followed OECD TG 106, EPA 163.1 and Canada PMRA guideline T-1 -255. The second study covered 4 types of soil and followed OECD TG 106 guideline. Both studies were in compliance with GLP criteria and used the equilibrium batch method. The soil types and results are summarised in the table below.
Table. Summary of Kfoc values for the test item
USDA |
Name / Origin
|
OC* |
pH |
Kf/Kd* |
Koc* |
1/n |
Author / Year |
sandy clay loam |
18 Acres / GB |
2.55 |
5.40 |
51.83 |
2031 |
0.92 |
Elliott and Ricketts / 2006 |
sandy loam |
Visalia / US |
0.46 |
6.00 |
11.56 |
2491 |
0.95 |
Elliott and Ricketts / 2006 |
sand |
Washington |
0.29 |
7.00 |
11.95 |
4122 |
0.97 |
Elliott and Ricketts / 2006 |
loam |
Gartenacker |
2.03 |
7.10 |
35.17 |
1732 |
0.95 |
Elliott and Ricketts / 2006 |
silty clay |
Champaign High |
2.37 |
7.20 |
50.16 |
2109 |
0.93 |
Elliott and Ricketts / 2006 |
silty clay loam |
Marsillargues |
1.04 |
7.70 |
20.97 |
2009 |
0.93 |
Elliott and Ricketts / 2006 |
Clay loam |
Piracicaba / RS- Brazil |
2.60 |
5.89 |
46 |
1785 |
0.87 |
Fahrbach / 2009 |
Clay |
Veranópolis / RS- Brazil |
1.86 |
3.98 |
41 |
2227 |
0.99 |
Fahrbach / 2009 |
Loamy sand |
Osório / RS- Brazil |
0.65 |
4.64 |
25 |
3861 |
0.99 |
Fahrbach / 2009 |
Clay loam |
Viamão / RS- Brazil |
9.72 |
3.58 |
251 |
2585 (a) |
0.90 |
Fahrbach / 2009 |
Arithmetic mean Koc
|
|
|
|
|
2485 |
|
|
* Units: OC(%), Kf/Kd and Koc (mL/g)
(a) The pH and organic carbon content are outside the range quoted in OECD TG 106. Therefore, this Koc value is considered an outlier and not used to calculate the arithmetic mean.
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