3-anilino-5-methyl-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione;famoxadone (ISO)

Toxicity to terrestrial arthropods

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial arthropods: long-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD draft version of the Post-WNT25 Approved Larval Honey Bee Test

Version / remarks:

2013

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD Draft Test Guideline on Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larval Toxicity Test, Single Exposure

Version / remarks:

2013

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD Draft Guidance Document on Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Larval Toxicity Test, Repeated Exposure

Version / remarks:

2013

GLP compliance:

yes

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Purity: 99.1%
Batch: DPX-JE874-427

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

yes

Details on preparation and application of test substrate:

Famoxadone was first dissolved and diluted with acetone, then added to an aqueous solution (containing fructose, glucose and yeast) and finally mixed with royal jelly. The aqueous sugar-yeast solution and royal jelly were in equal proportions (1:1 of final diet volume).

Test organisms (species):

Apis mellifera

Animal group:

Hymenoptera (honeybees)

Study type:

laboratory study

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

5 d

Test temperature:

27.7 to 34.4 °C

Humidity:

51.3 to 100 %

Photoperiod and lighting:

Constant darkness except during feeding and assessment.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 0.25 (T1), 0.5 (T2), 1.0 (T3), 2.0 (T4) and 4.0 (T5) μg a.i./larva/day

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

Dimethoate

Key result

Duration:

120 h

Dose descriptor:

NOED

Effect conc.:

0.5 µg per larva

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

120 h

Dose descriptor:

other: LD40

Effect conc.:

0.432 µg per larva

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

The analytical dose verification of the test item concentrations in the stock solution of each test item group and the control solution(s) was done by analyzing the content of Famoxadone in the samples taken on the first application day directly after preparation and before application. Since the measured concentrations of the test item stock solutions were between 80 and 93 % of nominal, the NOED and LD40 analyses were based on nominal doses.

In the control group with untreated larval diet, the mortality was 2.1 % at the final assessment after 8 days. In the control group with larval diet containing 2 % acetone, the mortality was 18.8 % at the final assessment after 8 days. This mortality was slightly higher than the validity level noted in the protocol. However, the sponsor has approved this new mortality level as valid. In the toxic reference item at the concentration of 40 mg dimethoate/kg, the mortality was 95.8 % at the final assessment after 8 days (corrected mortality: 95.7 %). In the test item group, a mortality of 35.4, 58.3, 54.2, 43.8 and 35.4 % (corrected mortality: 20.5, 48.7, 43.6, 30.8 and 20.5 %) was observed at the test item dose levels of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 μg a.i./larva/day, respectively, at the end of the test. The mortality at the higher treatment doses of 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 μg a.i./larva/day were statistically significantly higher compared to the acetone control group. Both the highest dose, T5 (4.0 μg a.i./larva/day), and the lowest dose, T1 (0.25 μg a.i./larva/day), were not significantly different from the solvent control (P = 0.0535 for both). The low mortality in the T1 group was an expected result. However, T5 may have had a lower than expected mortality because there was a slightly higher percentage of larvae with uneaten food on the last day (D8) in comparison to the other four doses. Therefore, it is possible that the test item at the highest concentration acted as a feeding deterrent. Given this, the lowest dose level of 0.25 μg a.i./larva/day was
determined to be the most suitable NOED value

Results with reference substance (positive control):

In the toxic reference item at the concentration of 40 mg dimethoate/kg, the mortality was 95.8 % at the final assessment after 8 days (corrected mortality: 95.7 %)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

120-h NOED = 0.25 µg a.i./larvae/day
120-h LC40 = 0.432 µg a.i./larvae/day

Executive summary:

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the test item Famoxadone (99.1 % purity) on the larvae of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., following repeated feeding exposure

in vitro and to establish the dose causing 40% mortality (LD40) and the No Observed Effect Dose (NOED) at 120 h after first application of the test item, where possible. A dose response test was performed with a duration of 8 days from grafting on day 1 (D1) to the final assessment on day 8 (D8). On day 3 (D3), day 4 (D4), day 5 (D5) and day 6 (D6) of the test, five different concentrations of Famoxadone were applied to larvae of the test item groups and one concentration of the reference item (dimethoate) was applied to the larvae of the reference item group with diet B or diet C. The control and treated groups were exposed for the same period of time under identical exposure conditions. Each treatment group consisted of 48 larvae from three different colonies (each colony representing a replicate). Assessment of mortality on D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8 (i.e., 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 120 h after first application of treated and untreated diet, respectively). The presence of uneaten food was qualitatively recorded at the end of the test (D8). The experimental groups were: 1 untreated water control, 1 untreated solvent control containing 2 % of acetone, 5 test item groups with doses 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 μg a.i./larva/day and 1 reference item group with 40 mg dimethoate/kg diet. A Fisher’s Exact Test with Bonferroni Correction (one-sided greater, adjusted α = 0.01) was used for evaluating significant differences between test item groups and controls, and determination of 120 h-NOED (Software used: JMP 11, April 2014). A Probit analysis using linear maximum likelihood regression for calculation of 120 h-LD40 with 95 % confidence limits, whenever the data allowed (Software used: SAS 9.3).

 

The analytical dose verification of the test item concentrations in the stock solution of each test item group and the control solution(s) was done by analyzing the content of Famoxadone in the samples taken on the first application day directly after preparation and before application. Since the measured concentrations of the test item stock solutions were between 80 and 93 % of nominal, the NOED and LD40 were based on nominal doses.

 

In comparison to the control solvent group (CA), the higher treatment doses of 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 μg a.i./larva/day showed significantly greater mortality on D8. The highest dose, T5 (4.0 μg a.i./larva/day), was almost significantly different from the solvent control. In comparison to the other four doses, T5 had a slightly greater number of larvae with uneaten food on the last day (D8). It is possible that the test item at the highest concentration acted as a feeding deterrent. The lowest test item dose of 0.25 μg a.i./larva/day was not significantly different from CA. Therefore, the dose level of 0.25 μg a.i./larva/day was determined to be the NOED based on mortality at the end of the test on D8 (120 hours after first application).

 

The LD50 value for Famoxadone at 120 hours after first application could not be determined because there was no clear dose response in the data. However, an LD40 value was calculated to be 0.432 μg a.i./larva/day (95 % C.I. = 0 to 1.721). Since the 95 % Confidence Interval includes the value 0, the LD40 value should be considered as a questionable estimate. In the reference item treatment group, treated with a constant concentration of 40 mg dimethoate/kg diet, the adjusted mortality was 95.7 % at the final evaluation on D8.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial arthropods: short-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 141-1 (Honey Bee Acute Contact Toxicity)

Version / remarks:

1982

GLP compliance:

yes

Application method:

other: Dietary

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Purity: 97.7%
DPX-JE874-133

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Apis mellifera

Animal group:

Hymenoptera (honeybees)

Study type:

laboratory study

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Test temperature:

34.4 to 34.7°C

Humidity:

50 - 55%

Photoperiod and lighting:

constant darkness

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

Dietary

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 ppm

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Remarks:

Dietary

Effect conc.:

1 000 ppm

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

behaviour

Details on results:

Percent mortality in the negative control group was 4% (2 of 50) at test termination. All surviving bees in the control group were normal in appearance and behavior throughout the
test period. Percent mortality in the 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm treatment groups at test termination was 8% (4 of 50), 4% (2 of 50), 2% (1 of 50), 0% (0 of 50), and 4% (2 of 50), respectively. One lethargic bee was noted in the 1000 ppm treatment group on Day 0. All other surviving bees in the treatment groups were normal in appearance and behavior throughout the
test period. The mortalities noted in the treatment groups comparable to those noted in the control group and were not dose responsive. Therefore, the mortalities were not considered to be-related to treatment with the test substance.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Dietary LC50 > 1000 ppm
Dietary NOEC = 1000 ppm

Executive summary:

Acute dietary toxicity of the test substance to honeybees (Apis mellifera) was tested in a laboratory study conducted under EPA FIFRA guideline 141-1. Honey bees were exposed to a geometric series of five concentrations of the test substance administered in a honey diet. A negative control group was maintained concurrently. Two replicate test chambers maintained in each treatment and control group, with 25 bees in each test chamber. Observations of mortalіty and other clinical signs were made approximately 2.5, 3.25, 24 and 48 hours after test initiation. Cumulative mortality percentages observed in the treatment groups were used to determine the LC50 value at 48 hours. The no observed effect concentration was determined by examination of the mortality and clinical observation data.

 

Percent mortality in the negative control group was 4% (2 of 50) at test termination. All surviving bees in the control group were normal in appearance and behavior throughout the

test period. Percent mortality in the 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm treatment groups at test termination was 8% (4 of 50), 4% (2 of 50), 2% (1 of 50), 0% (0 of 50), and 4% (2 of 50), respectively. One lethargic bee was noted in the 1000 ppm treatment group on Day 0. All other surviving bees in the treatment groups were normal in appearance and behavior throughout the

test period. The mortalities noted in the treatment groups comparable to those noted in the control group and were not dose responsive. Therefore, the mortalities were not considered to be-related to treatment with the test substance. The 48-hour LC50 was > 1000 ppm and the 48-hour NOEC was 1000 ppm.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial arthropods: short-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 141-1 (Honey Bee Acute Contact Toxicity)

Version / remarks:

EPPO Guideline No. 170 (1992) was followed which essientially conforms to the guideline selected

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.3020 (Honey Bee Acute Contact Toxicity)

Version / remarks:

EPPO Guideline No. 170 (1992) was followed which essientially conforms to the guideline selected

GLP compliance:

yes

Application method:

other: Oral and Contact

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Purity: 97.28%
DPX-JE874-221

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

topical: acetone; oral: DMSO

Test organisms (species):

Apis mellifera

Animal group:

Hymenoptera (honeybees)

Study type:

laboratory study

Limit test:

yes

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Test temperature:

25.5-27°С

Humidity:

50.0 - 60.0 %

Photoperiod and lighting:

constant darkness

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 0.1 μg per bee for Oral (0.97 μg a.s. per bee)
Nominal: 100 μg per bee for Contact (97.3 μg a.s. per bee)

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

dimethoate

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Remarks:

Oral

Effect conc.:

> 0.97 µg per animal

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Remarks:

Contact

Effect conc.:

> 97.3 µg per animal

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

No mortality or sublethal effects were noted.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

The oral and contact toxicity of the toxic reference standard, dimethoate, to honeybees in these tests fell within the published acceptable range, indicating the validity of these tests.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Oral LD50 = > 0.97 µg/bee (maximum dosing possible)
Dermal LD50 > 97.3 µg/bee

Executive summary:

 

Acute oral and contact toxicity of the test substance to honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) was tested in a laboratory study conducted under EPPO Guideline No. 170. Each of the oral and contact toxicity tests was conducted as a limit test with one treatment rate of the test substance, a control and three rates of a toxic standard (Dimethoate technical). The nominal concentrations used in the oral test was 1 μg a.s. per bee. The nominal concentrations used in the contact test was 100 μg a.s. per bee. Five replicates of 10 bees were prepared for the test product and the control and two replicates of 10 bees for each dose of the toxic standard. Observations of bee mortality and behaviour were made 1, 5, 24 and 48 h after treatment.

 

Treated bees did not differ from control bees in behaviour at any time. The oral and contact toxicity of the toxic reference standard, dimethoate, to honeybees in these tests fell within the published acceptable range, indicating the validity of these tests. The oral LD50 was determined to be > 0.97 µg a.s./bee and the contact LD50 was determined to be > 97.3 µg a.s./bee.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial arthropods: short-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 141-1 (Honey Bee Acute Contact Toxicity)

Version / remarks:

1982

GLP compliance:

yes

Application method:

contact

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Purity: 97.7%
DPX-JE874-133

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

acetone

Test organisms (species):

Apis mellifera

Animal group:

Hymenoptera (honeybees)

Study type:

laboratory study

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Test temperature:

34.4 to 34.7°C

Humidity:

50 - 55%

Photoperiod and lighting:

constant darkness

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 micrograms of DPX-JE874-133 per bee (µg/bee)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Remarks:

Contact

Effect conc.:

> 25 µg per animal

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

NOED

Remarks:

Contact

Effect conc.:

25 µg per animal

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

behaviour

Details on results:

In the negative control and-solvent control groups, percent mortality at the termination of the test was 10% (5 of 50) and 6% (3 of 50), respectively. One lethargic bee was noted in the negative control group at both observation periods on Day 0. All other surviving bees in the control groups were normal in appearance and behavior throughout the test period.

In the 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 µg/bee treatment groups, percent mortality was 8% (4 of 50), 2% (1 of 50), 6% (3 of 50), 8% (4 of 50) and 12% (6 of 50), respectively. Lethargy was noted in two bees in the 1.6 µg/bee treatment group and in one bee in the 12.5 µg/bee treatment group on Day 0. All other surviving bees in the treatment groups were normal in appearance and behavior throughout the test period. The mortalіties noted in the treatment groups were comparable to those noted in the negative Therefore, the mortalіties were considered to be incidental to treatment with the test substance.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Contact LD50 > 25 µg/bee
Contact NOED = 25 µg/bee

Executive summary:

Acute contact toxicity of the test substance to honeybees (Apis mellifera) was tested in a laboratory study conducted under EPA FIFRA guideline 141-1. Honey bees were exposed to a geometric series of five concentrations of the test substance administered in a honey diet (1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 micrograms of DPX-JE874-133 per bee (µg/bee)). A negative control group was maintained concurrently. Two replicate test chambers maintained in each treatment and control group, with 25 bees in each test chamber. Observations of mortalіty and other clinical signs were made approximately 0.5, 1, 24 and 48 hours after test initiation. Cumulative mortality percentages observed in the treatment groups were used to determine the LC50 value at 48 hours. The no observed effect concentration was determined by examination of the mortality and clinical observation data.

 

In the negative control and-solvent control groups, percent mortality at the termination of the test was 10% (5 of 50) and 6% (3 of 50), respectively. One lethargic bee was noted in the negative control group at both observation periods on Day 0. All other surviving bees in the control groups were normal in appearance and behavior throughout the test period. In the 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 µg/bee treatment groups, percent mortality was 8% (4 of 50), 2% (1 of 50), 6% (3 of 50), 8% (4 of 50) and 12% (6 of 50), respectively. Lethargy was noted in two bees in the 1.6 µg/bee treatment group and in one bee in the 12.5 µg/bee treatment group on Day 0. All other surviving bees in the treatment groups were normal in appearance and behavior throughout the test period. The mortalіties noted in the treatment groups were comparable to those noted in the negative Therefore, the mortalіties were considered to be incidental to treatment with the test substance.

 

The contact LD50 was determined to be > 25 µg/bee and the contact NOED was determined to be 25 µg/bee.

Reference 5

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial arthropods: long-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD Draft GD “Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Larval Toxicity Test, Repeated Exposure” (February 25, 2014) and current recommendations of the international ring test group

Version / remarks:

2014

GLP compliance:

yes

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Purity: 98.2%
Batch: DPX-JE874-496

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

acetone

Details on preparation and application of test substrate:

A stock solution was prepared on each day of application (day* 3, 4, 5 and 6; see section 3.6, time schedule). For the preparation of the stock solution, the test item was dissolved in acetone. The stock solution was diluted (dilution factor 3) with acetone to obtain lower concentrated test solutions. The final feeding solution consisted of diet (Diet B on day* 3 and diet C on day* 4, 5 and 6) enhanced with 0.1% of the corresponding stock solution.

For the water control, pure diet (Diet B on day* 3 and diet C on day* 4, 5 and 6) was used.

For the solvent control, diet (Diet B on day* 3 and diet C on day* 4, 5 and 6) containing 0.1% acetone was used.

The reference item dimethoate was dissolved in deionized water. The final feeding solution consisted of diet (Diet B on day* 3 and diet C on day* 4, 5 and 6) enhanced with 10% of the reference item stock solution.

The reference item fenoxycarb was dissolved in acetone. The final feeding solution consisted of diet (Diet B on day* 3 and diet C on day* 4, 5 and 6) enhanced with 0.5% of the reference item stock solution.

Test organisms (species):

Apis mellifera

Animal group:

Hymenoptera (honeybees)

Study type:

laboratory study

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

5 d

Test temperature:

34-35 °C

Humidity:

48 - 97%

Photoperiod and lighting:

Darkness (except during observation)

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: 30.0, 10.0, 3.3, 1.1, 0.4 and 0.1 μg a.i./larva in total

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

Dimethoate and fenoxycarb

Key result

Duration:

22 d

Dose descriptor:

NOED

Effect conc.:

>= 30 µg per larva

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Key result

Duration:

120 h

Dose descriptor:

NOED

Effect conc.:

1.1 µg per larva

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Key result

Duration:

120 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

> 30 µg per larva

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

22 h

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Effect conc.:

> 30 µg per larva

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

At test end (19 days after application) dose levels of 30.0, 10.0, 3.3, 1.1, 0.4 and 0.1 μg a.i./larva in total led to 30.6, 22.2, 41.7, 22.2, 33.3 and 30.6% mortality, respectively. Hatching rate at 30.0, 10.0, 3.3, 1.1, 0.4 and 0.1 μg a.i./larva in total corresponded to 69.4, 77.8, 58.3, 77.8, 66.7 and 69.4%, respectively.

At test end, in the untreated control and solvent control, 11.1% and 19.4% mortality occurred. 88.9 and 80.6% of the untreated control and solvent control hatched at test end (19 days after first application), respectively.

The reference item (6.2 μg dimethoate/larva) led to 100.0% mortality 72 hours after application.

During the assessment on day 5 following the application, the presence of unconsumed food was assessed qualitatively of each living larva from all treatment groups

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The LD50 value (120 h) was > 30.0 μg a.i./larva.
The LD50 value (22 days) was > 30.0 μg a.i./larva.
The NOED value (120 h) was 1.1 μg a.i./larva.
The NOED value (22 days) was ≥ 30.0 μg a.i./larva.

Executive summary:

The purpose of this study was to determine the acute and chronic toxicity of famoxadone after a repeated exposure to honey bee larvae (A. mellifera L.) for a period of 22 days.  Mortality of the larvae and hatch of the adult bees were used as the toxic endpoints.

 

The purpose of the analytical part of this study was to determine the residues of famoxadone in the stock solution of the highest test item dose rate.  At test end (19 days after first application) dose levels of 30.0, 10.0, 3.3, 1.1, 0.4 and 0.1 μg a.i./larva in total led to 30.6, 22.2, 41.7, 22.2, 33.3 and 30.6% mortality, respectively. Hatching rate at 30.0, 10.0, 3.3, 1.1, 0.4 and 0.1 μg a.i./larva in total corresponded to 69.4, 77.8, 58.3, 77.8, 66.7 and 69.4%, respectively.  

 

At test end, in the untreated control and solvent control, 11.1% and 19.4% mortality occurred. 88.9 and 80.6% of the untreated control and solvent control hatched at test end (19 days after first application), respectively.  The reference item dimethoate (6.2 μg dimethoate/larva) led to 100.0% mortality 72 hours after application. The reference item fenoxycarb (39.2 ng/larva) resulted in a hatch rate of 0.0 % at test end (19 days after first application).  Analysis of the stock solution of the highest dose (30.0 μg a.i./larva) resulted in a concentration of 102% of the nominal value.

 

The toxicity of famoxadone was tested in a honey bee larval repeated exposure toxicity test (duration 22 days).

The LD50 value (120 h) was > 30.0 μg a.i./larva.

The LD50 value (22 days) was > 30.0 μg a.i./larva.

The NOED value (120 h) was 1.1 μg a.i./larva.

The NOED value (22 days) was ≥ 30.0 μg a.i./larva.

Description of key information

48-hr Oral LD50 (honeybees, Apis mellifera L.) = > 0.97 µg/bee (maximum dosing possible); 48-hr Dermal LD50 > 97.3 µg/bee, OPP 141-1 and OPPTS 8050.3020, Reliability = 1

48-hr Dietary LC50 (honeybees, Apis mellifera) > 1000 ppm; Dietary NOEC = 1000 ppm, OPP 141-1, Reliability = 1

48-hr Contact LD50 (honeybees, Apis mellifera) > 25 µg/bee, Contact NOED = 25 µg/bee, OPP 141-1, Reliability = 1

120-h NOED (honeybees, Apis mellifera) = 0.25 µg a.i./larvae/day, OECD draft guideline on honeybees, Reliability = 1

120-h LD50 value (honeybees, Apis mellifera L) > 30.0 μg a.i./larva, 22-day LD50 value > 30.0 μg a.i./larva, 120-hr NOED value = 1.1 μg a.i./larva, 22-day NOED value ≥ 30.0 μg a.i./larva, OECD draft guideline on honeybees, Reliability = 1

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Short-term EC50 or LC50 for soil dwelling arthropods:

25 µg/kg soil dw

Additional information

Famoxadone was tested in 10 arthropod studies (6 honeybee studies, 2 beetle studies, 1 mite, and 1 wasp study).