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EC number: 209-506-8 | CAS number: 583-52-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- The Elfect of Dietary Ingestion of Oxalic Acid on Thyroid Function in Male and Female Long-Evans Rats
- Author:
- MAX GOLDMAN AND GREGORY J. DOERING
- Year:
- 1 978
- Bibliographic source:
- TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 48, 409-414 (1979)
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Version / remarks:
- study conducted similar to 90-days repeated dose study, duration: 70-days, parameters observed: growth rate and body weight changes, Thyroid weight changes, Thyroid Radioiodine 125I uptake, and Plasma 125I Concentrations, Plasma TSH activity, 125I Distribution in Protein Hydrolysates of Thyroid Glands
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- see Remarks
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
subchronic oral repeated dose toxicity study, Feeding study in Long-Evans rats, duration 70 days
- Short description of test conditions:
Female Long-Evans rats (average 215 g) and male Long-Evans rats (average 225 g) of each sex were randomly divided into 3 groups which received, ad libitum, Purina laboratory chow supplemented respectively with 0, 2.5, and 5.0% oxalic acid mixed thoroughly into the ground diet, until necropsy.
- Parameters analysed / observed: Thyroid 125I uptake and distribution of 125I in protein hydrolysates from thyroid glands, Bioassay ofplasma TSH, Growth and body weight changes - GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- ethandioic acid
- Cas Number:
- 144-62-7
- Molecular formula:
- C2H2O4
- IUPAC Name:
- ethandioic acid
- Test material form:
- not specified
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Long-Evans
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Weight at study initiation: females average: 215 g, males average: 225 g
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: in three groups, number of animals per cage not reported
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on oral exposure:
- DIET PREPARATION
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): Purina laboratory chow - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 2.5 other: %
- Dose / conc.:
- 5 other: %
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- females: Control: 12, 2.5% oxalic acid: 11, 5.0% oxalic acid: 10
males: Control: 12, 2.5% oxalic acid: 10, 5.0% oxalic acid: 10 - Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Not specified
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Not specified
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: not reported
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Not specified
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes
FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No
HAEMATOLOGY: Not specified
- Time schedule for collection of blood: at the end of the experimental time
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Not specified
- Animals fasted: No
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Not specified
URINALYSIS: Not specified
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No
IMMUNOLOGY: No
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Not specified
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Not specified - Statistics:
- The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance, and the significance between means was determined by Duncan's multiple range. A p value < 0.01 was considered statistically significant.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- not specified
- Mortality:
- not specified
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The average weight gains in the groups receiving 2.5% oxalic acid, both male and female, were less than that observed in their respective control groups while a dramatic and steady reduction in body weight occurred in the groups of male and female rats ingesting 5.0% oxalic
acid. Moreover, the average cumulative weight gain for the control groups on the nonsupplemented Purina laboratory chow was approximately twice that observed in the groups on 2.5 % oxalic acid for both male and female rats; the groups receiving 5.0% oxalic acid showed a marked depression in rate of body weight gain. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No significant difference in either water or food intake was observed in the control group and the groups receiving 2.5% dietary
oxalic acid either in male or female rats. However, both water and food intake were significantly increased in male and female rats ingesting 5.0% oxalic acid in the diet compared to male and female rats of the control group. - Food efficiency:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Dietary ingestion of oxalic acid was determined from the food intake as 2.1 and 1.9 g/kg body weight/day, respectively, for female and male rats receiving 2.5 % oxalic acid in the diet and 5.3 g/kg/day for both female and male rats receiving 5.0 % oxlaic acid in the diet.
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- A significant decrease in thyroid weight (p< 0.01) was observed in both female and male Long-Evans rats that had ingested
5.0% oxalic acid . Although the absolute organ weights for the thyroid glands of male and female rats treated with 5.0% oxalic acid were reduced, the relative thyroid weights were significantly increased in all animals treated with 2.5 or 5.0% oxalic acid due to the severe depression
of body weight gain. - Gross pathological findings:
- not specified
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
Effect levels
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 900 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
Target system / organ toxicity
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 900 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- System:
- endocrine system
- Organ:
- thyroid gland
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- no
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Growth and Body Weight Changes
No significant difference in either water or food intake was observed in the control group and the groups receiving 2.5% dietary oxalic acid either in male or female rats. Both water and food intake were significantly increased in male and female rats ingesting 5.0% oxalic acid in the diet compared to male and female rats of the control group. Dietary ingestion of oxalic acid was determined from the food intake as 2.1 and 1.9 g/kg body weight/day, respectively, for female and male rats receiving 2.5 % oxalic acid in the diet and 5.3 g/kg/day for both female and male rats receiving 5.0% oxlaic acid in the diet. Dietary ingestion of oxalic acid for 70 days resulted in depression in growth in male and female rats in both groups given the chemical in the diet. The average weight gains in the groups receiving 2.5% oxalic acid, both male and female, were less than that observed in their respective control groups while a dramatic and steady reduction in body weight occurred in the groups of male and female rats ingesting 5.0% oxalic acid. Moreover, the average cumulative weight gain for the control groups on the non-supplemented Purina laboratory chow was approximately twice that observed in the groups on 2.5 % oxalic acid for both male and female rats; the groups receiving 5.0% oxalic acid showed a marked depression in rate of body weight gain. The latter animals showed severe emaciation and were stunted in appearance.
Thyroid Weight Changes, Thyroid Radio-iodine125I Uptake, and Plasma125IConcentrations
A significant decrease in thyroid weight (p<0.01) was observed in both female and male Long-Evans rats that had ingested 5.0% oxalic acid. This was associated with a marked reduction in 24-hr radioiodine uptake (p<0.01) in male and female rats ingesting 5.0% oxalic acid.
Plasma radioactivity was significantly reduced (p<0.01) in both male and female rats ingesting 2.5% or 5.0% oxalic acid. Although the absolute organ weights for the thyroid glands of male and female rats treated with 5.0% oxalic acid were reduced, the relative thyroid weights were significantly increased in all animals treated with 2.5 or 5.0% oxalic acid due to the severe depression of body weight gain.
Plasma TSH Acitivity
Ingestion of 2.5% oxalic acid resulted in a slight but non-statistical increase in plasma TSH. A significant increase (p<0.01) in plasma TSH, which was a three-fold increase above that observed in the control group, occurred in those animals ingesting 5.0% oxalic acid in the diet.
A significant increase in extent of thyroidal labeling of the monoiodotyrosine (MIT) was observed in both male and female rats ingesting 5.0% oxalic acid (p<0.01). The increase in thyroidal labeling in MIT was associated with a reduction in labeling of diiodotyrosine (DIT), with concomitant elevation in MIT: DIT ratios above those observed in the control groups. While no alteration in extent of labeling of the tetra-iodothyronine (T4) was observed, a significant elevation in labeling occurred in the iodo-thyronine (T3) in both male and female rats maintained on 5.0% oxalic acid (p<0.01).
The significant increase in labeling of T3 resulted in an increase in the T3 : T4 ratio above that of their control groups.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- This subchronic toxicity study in Long Evans rats is acceptable as supporting information; although it does not satisfy the guideline requirement for a subchronic oral study OECD 408 in rats due to the limited information reported and the limited and rather high applied doses.
The present study describes the effects of oxalic acid on growth rate and reproduction. Female and male Long Evans rats were exposed to 2.5% and 5.0% oxalic acid in normal laboratory chow (feeding study) for 70 days. The body weight, food and water consumption as well as clinical signs were recorded in appropriate intervals to determine the doses of oxalic acid that were ingested. Animals wre administered 125I and 24 h later the thyroid gland was removed and subsequently the uptake of 125I was determined as well as Plasma TSH level. Oxalic acid decreased the body weight remarkably in both groups. Thyroid weight was also significant decreased. 125I uptake was decreased and plasma TSH level increased. These result indicate that Oxalic acid interferes with thyroid function.
acid. Based on these results the LOAEL of oxalic acid is considered to be 1900 mg/kg bw for male and female Long Evans under the conditions of the test. - Executive summary:
In a study similar to a subchronic toxicity study (OECD guideline 408) Oxalic acid was applied to 10 Long Evans rats/sex/dose in diet at dose levels of 2.5 % and 5 % (2100 mg/kg bw/day for females and 1900 mg/kg bw/day for males of the 2.5 % group and 5300 mg/kg bw/day for females and males of the 5 % group).
The LOAEL is 2.5 % Oxalic acid, based on depression in body weight, growth rate, visceral weights, and endocrine weights, in rats on 2.5% oxalic acid.
The NOAEL could not be determined.
This subchronic toxicity study in Long Evans rats is acceptable as supporting information; although it does not satisfy the guideline requirement for a subchronic oral study OECD 408 in rats due to the limited information reported and the limited and rather high applied doses.
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