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EC number: - | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Aquatic toxicity studies are not available for Slag, pig iron ladle refining, non-granulated, water-cooled. Read-across to the assessment entity (analogue approach) to slags, steelmaking is applied for the assessment of Slag, Pig Iron ladle refining, non-granulated, water-cooled since the solved metal ion concentrations determine its fate and toxicity in the environment. Based on result of a leaching experiment performed with the target substance (i.e., Slag, pig iron ladle refining, non-granulated, water-cooled) and the source substance (i.e., slags steelmaking) solved metal ion concentrations of the target substance are similar to the solved metal concentrations of the source substance. Read-across is fully justified and discussed in detail in the RAAF document attached on IUCLID section 13.
ABS: Hordeum vulgare (barley) ISO 11269-2 and NF X 31201: 14 d-NOEC 510 g/kg (germination), 640 g/kg (growth). Lactuca sativa (lettuce): 410 g/kg (both germination and growth) Slags are efficient fertilizers for plants The chronic NOEC is estimated to be 100 g/kg soil for weathered slags.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for terrestrial plants:
- 100 000 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
Laboratory guideline studies on acute toxicity
To evaluate the possible ecotoxicity of slags under guideline conditions in the laboratory, slags, ferrous metal, blast furnace (air cooled – ABS) were tested by a single application according to the OECD Guideline 208 in regard to seedling emergence and early stages of growth of the three terrestrial plants, wheat (Triticum aestivum), mustard (Sinapis alba), and cress (Lepidium sativum). The LC50of emergence refers to the appearance of the seedlings above the soil surface, being the concentration of slags at which the emergence rate is 50 % of that of the controls. The EC50of growth is determined from the shoot fresh weight and is the concentration of slags at which the decrease in growth is 50 % of that of the control. The slags were tested up to a maximum concentration of 10000 mg/kg soil dw which exceeds the maximum of concentration given by the test guideline OECD 208 by a factor 10.
No significant inhibitory effect was exerted by slags on growth (shoot fresh weight), survival, and emergence of any of the three species wheat (Triticum aestivum), mustard (Sinapis alba), and cress (Lepidium sativum) up to the maximum concentration of 10000 mg/kg dw soil. All 21d-EC10 are > 10000 mg/kg soil dw (Fresenius 2010).
In germination and growth tests according to ISO 11269-2 and NF X 31201, ABS did not affect germination and growth (dry matter increase) of Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce). The NOECs were 510 g/kg for germination and 640 g/kg for growth of barley and 410 g/kg for both germination and growth of lettuce (LECES 1999).
Extended laboratory study
The effect of steelmaking slags (SMS) added to oxisol soil was evaluated for Sorghum spec. In extended laboratory experiments sorghum plants were grown for 36 days in pots in oxisol with SMS added up to 21.2 t/ha. The pH varied between 4.8 (controls) and 7.4 (SMS, 21.2 t/ha, no pH controls done). The dry matter production and the metal content in plants were plotted against each other and a correlation analysis was performed.
The dry matter production of sorghum was highest when the concentration of SMS added to oxisol was approximately 9.6 t/ha. The study clearly shows that SMS functions as a liming agent/fertilizer for sorghum in sightly acidic oxisol (Costa et al. 1992).
Field studies on chronic toxicity
Field studies in Germany and Austria of up to 50 years duration demonstrated improved agricultural yield by application of slags, ferrous metal, blast furnace (ABS/GBS), slags, steelmaking, converter (BOS), and slags, steelmaking (ladle slags, SMS) as fertilizers, in comparison to liming with limestone (CaCO3) or burnt lime (CaO).
The application of ABS/GBS and SMS in amounts of annual lime loss did not lead to significant increases of the Cr or V content in the soils. Although the long-term use of BOS caused an slight accumulation of aqua regia extractable Cr and V in the soils, all slag applications led to improved soil fertility also in comparison to liming with burnt lime or limestone, and did not negatively affect the microbiological activities in soils. There is no risk of trace element accumulation in soils or plants (Rex 2005).
The growth of trees planted close to road sections constructed from slags (ABS, SMS) or natural rock (as controls) under regular and stagnant moisture conditions was monitored for three years. Trees from 151 sites near existing roads were monitored in regard to their viability.The mean SO42-concentration in soil and the total sulfur content of leaves was not influenced by the sulfur content of the slag material used in road construction. There were no relevant differences in the content of several trace elements or in the viability of trees planted near the road test sections.
Slag as a road construction material of existing roads had no adversive effect on the viability of trees planted near these roads. The viability of trees in the vicinity of slag roads was much better than in the vicinity of roads from natural rock material, presumably due to the fertilizing and pH buffering effect of ferrous slags (FEhS 1991).
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