Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 231-149-1 | CAS number: 7440-39-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Barium is manufactured and put on the market as rods of barium. To assess Ba toxicity, Ba ion data is investigated using data reported in the BaCl2 REACH Dossier.
Acute oral toxicity: LD50 ≥ 100 till ≤ 300 mg/kg bw.Acute dermal toxicity: derogation statement included; according to SIAR 2008 an LD50 > 2000 mg/kg was stated in the NIAR report 2008
Acute inhalation toxicity: LC50 > 1 mg/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Quality of whole database:
- GLP guideline study of 2010
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- discriminating dose
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw
Additional information
Ba2+ data from BaCl2 REACH Dossier is analysed.
Acute oral toxicity
There are three reliable studies for acute oral toxicity testing (Müller, 1983, Borzelleca, 1988 and Tardiff, 1980). All studies were used in a weight of evidence approach. The study performed by Müller, 1983 results in an LD50of 645 mg BaCl2/kg bw (male/female), the study performed by Borzelleca in 1988 leads to an LD50>100 and <300 mg/kg bw. whereas the study conducted by Tardiff 1980 results in an LD50of 300 mg/kg bw.
Acute dermal toxicity
According to the SIAR 27 prepared for barium dichloride, an acute dermal toxicity study on barium dichloride was conducted according to OECD 402, in compliance with GLP. In this study, the dermal LD50 was greater than 2000 mg BaCl2/kg bw in rats. Nevertheless, primary data could not be made available by the registrant.
Acute inhalation toxicity
There is only one study on acute toxicity via inhalation available. This study was performed with a limit concentration of 1.1 mg/L barium dichloride dihydrate which relates to a concentration of 0.94 mg/L barium dichloride.
Exposure to 1.1 mg/L of barium chloride dihydrate resulted in significant signs of toxicity (mortality of one male, severe and persisting clinical signs) indicating that significant mortality could be expected at the next higher exposure level of 5 mg/L. Due to animal welfare reasons, it was therefore decided not to expose animals to a higher concentration. Instead, since according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008 the threshold value for LC50is >= 1 mg/L, it can reasonably be stated that the LC50of barium dichloride is > 1 mg/L.
Justification for selection of acute toxicity – oral endpoint
There are three reliable studies for acute oral toxicity testing (Müller, 1983, Borzelleca, 1988 and Tardiff, 1980). All studies were used in a weight of evidence approach (see discussion). LD50 > 100 and <= 300 mg BaCl2/kg bw
Justification for selection of acute toxicity – inhalation endpoint
There is only one study on acute toxicity via inhalation available. This study was performed with a limit concentration of 1.1 mg/L barium chloride dihydrate which relates to a concentration of 0.94 mg/L barium chloride. Exposure to 1.1 mg/L of barium chloride dihydrate resulted in significant signs of toxicity (mortality of one male, severe and persisting clinical signs) indicating that significant mortality could be expected at the next higher exposure level of 5 mg/L. Due to animal welfare reasons, it was therefore decided not expose animals to a higher concentration. Instead, since according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008 the threshold value for LC50 is >= 1 mg/L, it can reasonably be stated that the LC50 of barium chloride is > 1 mg/L.
Justification for selection of acute toxicity – dermal endpoint
Testing for acute toxicity of barium dichloride via the dermal route is not required according the criteria laid down in Annex VIII, point 8.5 of REACH (see IUCLID section 7.2.3).
However, according to the SIAR 27 an acute dermal toxicity study (OECD 402) on barium dichloride results in an LD50 of > 2000 mg BaCl2/kg bw in rats. The findings from this study are taken as additional justification for the non-submission or experimental conduct of such a study.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Ba2+ data from BaCl2 REACH Dossier is analysed.
Acute oral toxicity
There are three reliable studies for acute oral toxicity testing (Müller, 1983, Borzelleca, 1988 and Tardiff, 1980). All studies were used in a weight of evidence approach. The study performed by Müller, 1983 results in an LD50of 645 mg BaCl2/kg bw (male/female), the study performed by Borzelleca in 1988 leads to an LD50>100 and <300 mg/kg bw whereas the study conducted by Tardiff 1980 results in an LD50of 300 mg/kg bw. Despite the fact that Müller derived an LD50> 300 mg BaCl2/kg bw. there are two studies result in an LD50<300 mg BaCl2/kg. Taken into consideration the harmonized classification of BaCl2 as toxic via ingestion (Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 Annex VI; Index-no: 056-004-00-8 / ATP inserted: 22 / ATP last update 25) the registrant proposes C&L as "acute tox 3"; H301 (toxic if swallowed) according to GHS.
Specific target organ toxicant (STOT) – single exposure: oral
The classification criteria according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008 as specific target organ toxicant (STOT) – single exposure, oral are not met since no reversible or irreversible adverse health effects were observed immediately or delayed after exposure and no effects were observed at the guidance value, oral for a Category 1 classification of 300 mg/kg bw and at the guidance value, oral for a Category 2 classification of 2000 mg/kg bw in addition to this effects which were responsible for the death of the animals. No classification required.
Acute dermal toxicity
According to the SIAR 27 prepared for barium dichloride, an acute dermal toxicity study on barium dichloride was conducted according to OECD 402, in compliance with GLP. In this study, the dermal LD50 was greater than 2000 mg BaCl2/kg bw in rats. It should be noted here that the primary data could not be made available by the registrant but using the secondary information no classification according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008 will be necessary.
Acute inhalation toxicity
There is only one study on acute toxicity via inhalation available. This study was performed with a limit concentration of 1.1 mg/L barium dichloride dihydrate which relates to a concentration of 0.94 mg/L barium dichloride.Exposure to 1.1 mg/L of barium chloride dihydrate resulted in significant signs of toxicity (mortality of one male, severe and persisting clinical signs) indicating that significant mortality could be expected at the next higher exposure level of 5 mg/L.Due to animal welfare reasons, it was therefore decided not to expose animals to a higher concentration. Instead, since according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008 the threshold value for LC50is >= 1 mg/L, it can reasonably be stated that the LC50of barium dichloride is > 1 mg/L.
Barium is manufactured and put on the market as rods of barium and therefore requires no classification for acute inhalation toxicity.
Specific target organ toxicant (STOT) – single exposure: inhalation
The classification criteria according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008 as specific target organ toxicant (STOT) – single exposure, inhalation are not met since no reversible or irreversible adverse health effects were observed immediately or delayed after exposure and no effects were observed at the guidance value, inhalation for a Category 1 classification of <= 1 mg/L/4h and at the guidance value, inhalation for a Category 2 <= 5 mg/L/4h - > 1 mg/L/4h. No additional classification required.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.