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EC number: 225-004-1 | CAS number: 4602-84-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Description of key information
The key information supporting the evaluation of reproductive toxicity of the test item is a regulatory subchronic repeated dose toxicity study with reproductive toxicity screen by oral administration of the read-across substance, Nerolidol, in rats, conducted according to OECD 422 and GLP. In this study, the No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAELs) for fertility and reproduction were established following repeated daily treatment to the parent animals and NOAELs were also established for developmental toxicity to F1 offspring based on the limited data available in this screening study.Read-across is appropriate as the test substance and nerolidol are very similar in chemical structure, differing only by the interchange of a hydroxyl group and double bond on carbon positions 1 and 2, and very similar in physico-chemical properties.The oral and dermal acute and repeat dose toxicity data show that the toxicity of farnesol and nerolidol are similar in order of magnitude when comparing dose levels expressed in terms of mg/kg bodyweight.Given the similarities in chemical and biological effects, nerolidol is considered to be a suitable read-across substance.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on generations indicated in Effect levels
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
The read-across hypothesis is based on different compounds with qualitatively similar properties using the analogue approach, following Scenario 2 of the Read-Across Assessment Framework (ECHA 2017).
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S)
Target substance: Farnesol (CAS: 4602-84-0; EC: 225-004-1)
Source substance: Nerolidol (CAS: 7212-44-4; EC: 230-597-5)
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
For the prediction of human health endpoints, similar qualitative effects were observed in the acute dermal toxicity study and repeat dose oral toxicity study for farnesol and nerolidol. Limited information is available to assess the reproduction / developmental toxicity of farnesol, however given the similarities in toxicokinetic profile as demonstrated in other toxicity studies, no difference in effects from the source substance are predicted. Both the target and source substances undergo a similar metabolic pathway. The bioavailability of nerolidol may be greater than farnesol (as observed experimentally), therefore read-across from nerolidol may represent a worst-case approach.
4. DATA MATRIX
See "Read-across justification" in Section 13.2. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: EPA OPPTS 870.3650 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study With the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- In total, females were treated for 57 days and males treated for 36 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Treated animals were fed ad libitum
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- not specified
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced body weight gain and food consumption male and females treated at 12000 ppm
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced body weight gain and food consumption male and females treated at 12000 ppm
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Minimal central hepatocellular hypertrophy in females treated at 12000 ppm and minimal fatty change in females treated at 12000 and 4000 ppm
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- not specified
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 266 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- food consumption and compound intake
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
- gross pathology
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 105 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- food consumption and compound intake
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
- gross pathology
- histopathology: non-neoplastic
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 758 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- reproductive function (sperm measures)
- reproductive performance
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 705 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- reproductive performance
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Clinical signs:
- not examined
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- not examined
- Body weight and weight changes:
- not examined
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not examined
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- not examined
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not examined
- Reproductive performance:
- not examined
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Lower body weight gain in pups of the 12000 ppm group days PND1-4
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- ca. 340 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Based on slightly reduced growth and development of offspring, secondary to maternal toxicity at the 4000 ppm treatment level
- Clinical signs:
- not examined
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality / viability:
- not examined
- Body weight and weight changes:
- not examined
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not examined
- Key result
- Reproductive effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) for reproductive performance and fertility was considered to be 12000 ppm for the F0 parental rats. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity in the F1 progeny of the test substance treated groups was found to be 4000 ppm toxicity based on slightly reduced growth and development of offspring, secondary to maternal toxicity.
- Executive summary:
Under the conditions of this Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test in Wistar Rats treatment with Nerolidol showed general systemic toxicity in the F0 males at 12000 ppm (equivalent to 758 mg/kg/day) and in the F0 females at 12000 ppm (equivalent to 705 to 1194 mg/kg/day) and 4000 ppm (equivalent to 279 to 468 mg/kg/day). These effects were manifest as reductions in food intake and body weight gain and increased liver weights with associated histopathological hepatocellular changes including hypertrophy and fatty change. However, there were no reproductive toxicological effects seen in either males or females at the dose levels associated with systemic toxicity. The only sign of developmental toxicity was a slight reduction of offspring body weights/body weight gain at the high dose level of 12000 ppm. This was considered by the authors to be indicative of a temporary developmental delay secondary to the impaired wellbeing of the dams in this treatment group so the NOAEL for reproduction and fertility in the F0 rats was considered to be 12000 ppm (equivalent to 758 mg/kg/day for males and 705 mg/kg/day for females). This study is considered to be reliable without restriction (Klimisch 1) as it was GLP-compliant and was conducted according to OECD 422 and OPPTS 870.3650. This data may be used as key data, as nerolidol is a suitable read-across source to the target substance based on similar chemical structure and hazard data.
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on generations indicated in Effect levels
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 1996
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: EPA OPPTS 870.3650 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study With the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2000
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: 10-12 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: Males 279.3-311.0g; Females 182.8-218.0g
- Housing: Individually housed in Makrolon type M III cages; pregnant females were provided with nesting material (Cellulose wadding); for enrichment wooden gnawing blocks were added to the cages.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 6 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-24oC
- Humidity (%): 30-70%
- Air changes (per hr): 15/hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours dark/12 hours light
Details on oral exposure:
DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): Test diets were prepared four times during the study. The maximum period for which each test diet was fed was less than 48 days.
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): Kliba maintenance diet mouse/rat "GLP" meal
- Storage temperature of food: Not stated - Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): Test diets were prepared four times during the study. The maximum period for which each test diet was fed was less than 48 days.
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): Kliba maintenance diet mouse/rat "GLP" meal
- Storage temperature of food: Not stated - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: Maximum of 2 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: Sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy
- After 14 days of unsuccessful pairing replacement of first male by another male with proven fertility.
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: no
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged in Makrolon type MIII cages and provided with nesting material (cellulose wadding) toward the end of gestation. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The analyses were carried out at the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory of the Experimental Toxicology and Ecology of BASF SE. Analytical verifications of the stability of the test substance in the diet for a period of 48 days at room temperature were carried out prior to the start of the study. Homogeneity and concentration control analyses were carried out during the premating and the gestation periods. Duplicate samples were kept in reserve until after report finalization.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- In total, females were treated for 57 days and males treated for 36 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Treated animals were fed ad libitum
- Details on study schedule:
- - Age at mating of the F0 mated animals in the study: 14-16 weeks
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 500 ppm (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 4 000 ppm (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 12 000 ppm (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 males and 10 females per group
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Not given
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Randomised according to body weight - Positive control:
- No positive control included
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Daily; the parturition and lactation behaviour of the dams was also generally evaluated in the mornings in combination with the daily clinical inspection.
- Cage side observations checked in table [No.?] were included
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: weekly
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Weekly for male and female parental animals with the following exceptions for female animals; during the mating period parental females were weighed on the day of positive evidence of sperm (GD 0) and on GD7, 14 and 20; Females with litter were weighed on the day after parturition (PND1) and on PND4.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Weekly for male and female parental animals with the exception of: during the mating period (male and femal F0 animals); F0 females with evidence of sperm food consumption recorded on Gestation days 0-7, 7-14 and 14-20; F0 females giving birth to a litter food consumption was determined for post natal days 1-4. - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- Not evaluated
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- Parameters examined in all male parental animals:
Weights and histopathological evaluaton of testes, epididymides, cauda epididymides and seminal vesicles - Litter observations:
- STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: No
PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
Number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies at necropsy on PND4, body weight data, physical abnormalities
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
Yes, for external and internal abnormalities; possible cause of death was not determined for pups born or found dead. - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals terminated approximately one week after the mating period (total of 36 days treatement)
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals terminated 2 weeks following PND4
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
The following tissues were weighed:
Adrenal glands, Brain, Cauda epididymis, Epididymides, Heart, Kidnes, Liver, Ovaries, Pituitary gland, Prostate, Testes, Seminal vesicles, Spleen, Thymus, Thyroid, Uterus
The following tissues were prepared for microscopic examination:
Adrenal glands, Aorta, Brain, Bone marrow (femur), Caecum, Coagulation glands, Colon, Duodenum, Eyes with optic nerve, Oesophagus, Mammary gland, Femure, Heart, Ileum, Jejunum, Kidneys, Larynx, Liver, Lungs, Lymph nodes (axillary and mesenteric), Nose, Oviducts, Pancreas, Pharynx, Pituitary gland, Prostate, Rectum, Salivary glands, Sciatic nerve, Seminal vesicles, Skeletal muscle, Skin, Spinal cord, Spleen, Sternum with marrow, Stomach, Trachea, Thymus, Thyroid gland, Urinary bladder, Uterus, Vagina - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring were sacrificed at PND 4 days of age.
- These animals were subjected to postmortem examinations (macroscopic and/or microscopic examination) as follows:
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
- No histopathological examinations were performed. - Statistics:
- Appropriate statistical methods were applied to all types of data generated.
- Reproductive indices:
- For the males, mating and fertility indices were calculated for F1 litters according to the following formulas:
- Male mating index (%) = number of males with confirmed mating/nmber of males placed with females x 100
- Male fertility index (%) = number of males proving fertility/number of males placed with females x 100
For the females, mating, fertility, gestation indices and delivery data were calculated for F1 litters according to the following formulas:
- Female mating index (%) = number of females mated/number of females placed with males x 100
- Female fertility index (%) = number of females pregnant/number of females mated x 100
- Gestation index (%) = number of females with live pups on the day of birth/ number of females pregnant x 100
- Live birth index (%) = number of liveborn pups at birth/total number of pups born x 100
- Postimplantation loss (%) = number of implantations-number of pups delivered/number of implantations x 100 - Offspring viability indices:
- - Pup number and status at delivery
- Pup viability/mortality - Viability index (%) = number of live pups on day 4 after birth/number of live pups on the day of birth x 100
- Sex ratio = number of live male or female pups on day0/4/number of live male and female pups on day 0/4 x 100 - Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- not specified
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced body weight gain and food consumption male and females treated at 12000 ppm
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced body weight gain and food consumption in males and females treated at 12000 ppm
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Minimal central hepatocellular hypertrophy in females treated at 12000 ppm and minimal fatty change in females treated at 12000 and 4000 ppm
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- not specified
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 266 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- food consumption and compound intake
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
- gross pathology
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 105 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- food consumption and compound intake
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
- gross pathology
- histopathology: non-neoplastic
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 758 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- reproductive function (sperm measures)
- reproductive performance
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 705 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- reproductive performance
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Clinical signs:
- not examined
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- not examined
- Body weight and weight changes:
- not examined
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not examined
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- not examined
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not examined
- Reproductive performance:
- not examined
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Lower body weight gain in pups of the 12000 ppm group days PND1-4
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- ca. 340 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Based on slightly reduced growth and development of offspring, secondary to maternal toxicity at the 4000 ppm treatment level
- Clinical signs:
- not examined
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality / viability:
- not examined
- Body weight and weight changes:
- not examined
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not examined
- Key result
- Reproductive effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) for reproductive performance and fertility was considered to be 12000 ppm for the F0 parental rats. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity in the F1 progeny of the test substance treated groups was found to be 4000 ppm toxicity based on slightly reduced growth and development of offspring, secondary to maternal toxicity.
- Executive summary:
Under the conditions of this Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test in Wistar Rats treatment with Nerolidol showed general systemic toxicity in the F0 males at 12000 ppm (equivalent to 758 mg/kg/day) and in the F0 females at 12000 ppm (equivalent to 705 to 1194 mg/kg/day) and 4000 ppm (equivalent to 279 to 468 mg/kg/day). These effects were manifest as reductions in food intake and body weight gain and increased liver weights with associated histopathological hepatocellular changes including hypertrophy and fatty change. However, there were no reproductive toxicological effects seen in either males or females at the dose levels associated with systemic toxicity. The only sign of developmental toxicity was a slight reduction of offspring body weights/body weight gain at the high dose level of 12000 ppm. This was considered by the authors to be indicative of a temporary developmental delay secondary to the impaired well-being of the dams in this treatment group so the NOAEL for reproduction and fertility in the F0 rats was considered to be 12000 ppm (equivalent to 758 mg/kg/day for males and 705 mg/kg/day for females). This study is considered to be reliable without restriction (Klimisch 1) as it was GLP-compliant and was conducted according to OECD 422 and OPPTS 870.3650.
Referenceopen allclose all
There were no clinical signs of ill health or reaction to treatment observed at 12000, 4000or 1500 ppm and there were no treatment related mortalities among the F0 parent animals.
BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Decreased body weight gain in males weeks 0-1 treated at 12000 ppm (45% below controls); Decreased body weight gain in females treated at 12000 ppm in weeks 0-1 (73% below controls), gestation period (37% below controls) and during lactation (40 % below controls).
Reduced food intake in males treated at 12000 ppm in weeks 0-2 (10-18% below controls); Reduced food intake in females treated at 12000 ppm in weeks 0-1 (25% below controls), gestation period (20% below controls) and post natal days 1-4 (32% below controls).
TEST SUBSTANCE INTAKE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The dietary inclusion levels of 1500, 4000 and 12000 ppm correspond to 102, 266 and 758 mg/kg/day in males; 105, 279 and 705 mg/kg/day in non-pregnant females; 120, 340 and 824 mg/kg/day in pregnant females; 193, 468 and 1194 mg/kg/day in lactating females.
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: ESTROUS CYCLE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
There were no effects reported on estrous cycle of femal rats during the routine clinical observations.
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: SPERM MEASURES (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
There were no effects observed on the pathological assessment of the male reproductive tract that were indicative of any effects on sperm production.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
In males the mating index was 100% in all groups including controls. Fertility was proven for most of the F0 parental males within the scheduled mating interval for the F1 litter with the male fertility index ranging between 90% and 100% without showing any relation to dose level.
In females the mating index for the F1 litter was 100% in all groups. The fertility index varied between 90% in females treated at 1500 or 12000 ppm and 100% in control females and those treated at 4000 ppm. The mean duration of gestation was similar in all groups (i.e. between 21.6 and 21.9 days) and the gestation index was 100% in all groups. Implantation, prenatal development and delivery were not affected by the treatment since neither the mean number of implantation sites nor the postimplantation loss or the average litter size showed any statistically significant differences between the groups.
ORGAN WEIGHTS (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Statistically significant absolute and relative increased liver weights in males and females treated at 12000 ppm and also in females treated at 4000 ppm.
GROSS PATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The liver was discoloured in males and females treated at 12000 ppm, however, this finding is not considered to be adverse.
HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Minimal or slight central hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed in females treated at 12000 ppm. In addition a minimal fatty change was noted in females treated at 12000 or 4000 ppm.
The rate of liveborn pups was not affected by the test substance as indicated by live birth indices of 100% in all groups. The viability index indicating pup mortality during lactation (PND 0-4) varied between 98% in the 1500 ppm group and 100% in all other groups. The sex distribution and sex ratios of live F1 pups on the day of birth and PND4 did not show any significant differences between control and treated groups.
CLINICAL SIGNS (OFFSPRING)
There were no test substance-related adverse clinical signs observed in any of the F1 pups.
BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
Mean body weights of the high-dose pups (12000 ppm) were statistically significantly below control on PND 4 (about 13% below control). Body weight gain for PND 1-4 was statistically significantly decreased in the high-dose F1 pups (about 38% below control).
SEXUAL MATURATION (OFFSPRING)
Not examined
ORGAN WEIGHTS (OFFSPRING)
Not examined
GROSS PATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
No findings were observed at gross necropsy in all F1 pups
HISTOPATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
Not examined
From dietary inclusion levels of 1500, 4000 and 12000 ppm, the test substance intake in terms of mg/kg/day was calculated as follows:
Males - 102, 266 and 758 mg/kg/day
Non-pregnant females - 105, 279 and 705 mg/kg/day
Pregnant females - 120, 340 and 824 mg/kg/day
Lactating females - 193, 468 and 1194 mg/kg/day
There were no clinical signs of ill health or reaction to treatment observed at 12000, 4000 or 1500 ppm and there were no treatment related mortalities among the F0 parent animals.
BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Decreased body weight gain in males weeks 0-1 treated at 12000 ppm (45% below controls); Decreased body weight gain in females treated at 12000 ppm in weeks 0-1 (73% below controls), gestation period (37% below controls) and during lactation (40 % below controls).
Reduced food intake in males treated at 12000 ppm in weeks 0-2 (10-18% below controls); Reduced food intake in females treated at 12000 ppm in weeks 0-1 (25% below controls), gestation period (20% below controls) and post natal days 1-4 (32% below controls).
TEST SUBSTANCE INTAKE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The dietary inclusion levels of 1500, 4000 and 12000 ppm correspond to 102, 266 and 758 mg/kg/day in males; 105, 279 and 705 mg/kg/day in non-pregnant females; 120, 340 and 824 mg/kg/day in pregnant females; 193, 468 and 1194 mg/kg/day in lactating females.
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: ESTROUS CYCLE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
There were no effects reported on estrous cycle of female rats during the routine clinical observations.
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: SPERM MEASURES (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
There were no effects observed on the pathological assessment of the male reproductive tract that were indicative of any effects on sperm production.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
In males the mating index was 100% in all groups including controls. Fertility was proven for most of the F0 parental males within the scheduled mating interval for the F1 litter with the male fertility index ranging between 90% and 100% without showing any relation to dose level.
In females the mating index for the F1 litter was 100% in all groups. The fertility index varied between 90% in females treated at 1500 or 12000 ppm and 100% in control females and those treated at 4000 ppm. The mean duration of gestation was similar in all groups (i.e. between 21.6 and 21.9 days) and the gestation index was 100% in all groups. Implantation, prenatal development and delivery were not affected by the treatment since neither the mean number of implantation sites nor the postimplantation loss or the average litter size showed any statistically significant differences between the groups.
ORGAN WEIGHTS (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Statistically significant absolute and relative increased liver weights in males and females treated at 12000 ppm and also in females treated at 4000 ppm.
GROSS PATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The liver was discoloured in males and females treated at 12000 ppm, however, this finding is not considered to be adverse.
HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Minimal or slight central hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed in females treated at 12000 ppm. In addition a minimal fatty change was noted in females treated at 12000 or 4000 ppm.
The rate of liveborn pups was not affected by the test substance as indicated by live birth indices of 100% in all groups. The viability index indicating pup mortality during lactation (PND 0-4) varied between 98% in the 1500 ppm group and 100% in all other groups. The sex distribution and sex ratios of live F1 pups on the day of birth and PND4 did not show any significant differences between control and treated groups.
CLINICAL SIGNS (OFFSPRING)
There were no test substance-related adverse clinical signs observed in any of the F1 pups.
BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
Mean body weights of the high-dose pups (12000 ppm) were statistically significantly below control on PND 4 (about 13% below control). Body weight gain for PND 1-4 was statistically significantly decreased in the high-dose F1 pups (about 38% below control).
SEXUAL MATURATION (OFFSPRING)
Not examined
ORGAN WEIGHTS (OFFSPRING)
Not examined
GROSS PATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
No findings were observed at gross necropsy in all F1 pups
HISTOPATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
Not examined
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 705 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subchronic
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- One key study from read-across substance nerolidol is available, which is considered to be reliable without restrictions (Klimisch 1) as it was GLP-compliant and was conducted according to OECD 422 and OPPTS 870.3650.
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
This endpoint is completed using read-across from nerolidol. Read-across is appropriate as the test substance and nerolidol are very similar in chemical structure, differing only by the interchange of a hydroxyl group and double bond on carbon positions 1 and 2, and very similar in physico-chemical properties. For skin and eye toxicities, similar reactions were observed for both compounds, with nerolidol producing slightly more severe reactions than farnesol. The oral and dermal acute and repeat dose toxicity data show that the toxicity of farnesol and nerolidol are similar in order of magnitude when comparing dose levels expressed in terms of mg kg-1 bodyweight. Gene mutation and chromosome aberration tests show negative results in vitro for both compounds. Given the similarities in chemical and biological effects, it can be assumed that reproductive/developmental toxicity for farnesol can be read-across from nerolidol.
Under the conditions of this Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test in Wistar Rats treatment with Nerolidol showed general systemic toxicity in the F0 males at 12000 ppm and in the F0 females at 12000 and 4000 ppm. These effects were manifest as reductions in food intake and body weight gain and increased liver weights with associated histopathological hepatocellular changes including hypertrophy and fatty change. However, there were no reproductive toxicological effects seen in either males or females at the dose levels associated with systemic toxicity. Consequently, the NOAEL for reproduction and fertility in parental rats was determined to be 12000 ppm (equivalent to 758 mg/kg/day for males and 705 mg/kg/day for females). The slightly reduced growth (reduced body weight gain) recorded for the offspring of dams treated at 12000 ppm was considered to be secondary to maternal toxicity at this treatment level.
This study is considered to be reliable without restriction (Klimisch 1) as it was GLP-compliant and was conducted according to OECD 422 and OPPTS 870.3650. This data may be used as key data, as nerolidol is a suitable read-across source to the target substance based on similar chemical structure and hazard data.
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
The key information supporting the evaluation of reproductive toxicity of the test item is a regulatory subchronic repeated dose toxicity study with reproductive toxicity screen by oral administration of the read-across substance, Nerolidol, in rats, conducted according to OECD 422 and GLP. In this study, the No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAELs) for fertility and reproduction were established following repeated daily treatment to the parent animals and NOAELs were also established for developmental toxicity to F1 offspring based on the limited data available in this screening study.Read-across is appropriate as the test substance and nerolidol are very similar in chemical structure, differing only by the interchange of a hydroxyl group and double bond on carbon positions 1 and 2, and very similar in physico-chemical properties.The oral and dermal acute and repeat dose toxicity data show that the toxicity of farnesol and nerolidol are similar in order of magnitude when comparing dose levels expressed in terms of mg/kg bodyweight.Given the similarities in chemical and biological effects, nerolidol is considered to be a suitable read-across substance.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 340 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subchronic
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- One key study from read-across substance nerolidol is available, which is considered to be reliable without restrictions (Klimisch 1) as it was GLP-compliant and was conducted according to OECD 422 and OPPTS 870.3650.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
The NOAEL for developmental toxicity in the F1 progeny of the test substance treated groups was considered to be 4000 ppm (equivalent to 340 mg/kg/day) based on slightly reduced growth and development of offspring secondary to maternal toxicity.
Justification for classification or non-classification
There were no effects upon fertility, reproductive performance or adverse effect on pups observed at doses up to 12000 ppm (equivalent to 758 mg/kg bw/day in males and 705 mg/kg bw/day in females), for the read-across substance, Nerolidol. Therefore, it is concluded that the test item is also not classifiable as reproductive toxicant according to CLP Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008.
Additional information
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