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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 203-783-9 | CAS number: 110-61-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Carcinogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- carcinogenicity
- Remarks:
- other: Dietary administration of food, fumigated with hydrogen cyanide
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1955
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- This is an older study conducted prior to establishment of OECD test guidelines. Experimental data was reviewed by the ECETOC Task Force, author of the JACC Report No. 53, “Cyanides of Hydrogen, Sodium and Potassium, and Acetone Cyanohydrin (CAS No. 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8 and 75-86-5)”, 2007. The report is a weight of evidence approach to an extensive body of literature, much of which was undertaken prior to development of guidelines. The report was peer reviewed by the scientific non-governmental organization (NGO), which judged the data to be reliable with restrictions.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Chronic toxicity for rats of food treated with hydrogen cyanide
- Author:
- Howard, JW and RF Hanzal
- Year:
- 1 955
- Bibliographic source:
- Agricultural Food Chemistry, 3: 325-329
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 451 (Carcinogenicity Studies)
- Version / remarks:
- Well-designed study; precedes establishment of guideline
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- This is a two year dietary study which was conducted prior to establishment of the OECD guideline. The diet consisted of standard rat chow which was fumigated with HCN for 24 hours. The numbers of animals, handling of animals, analytical verification, assessment of results and statistical analysis are generally consistent with current protocols.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted prior to establishment of GLP.
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Hydrogen cyanide
- EC Number:
- 200-821-6
- EC Name:
- Hydrogen cyanide
- Cas Number:
- 74-90-8
- IUPAC Name:
- cyanide
- Details on test material:
- Hydrogen cyanide was used as a fumigant of the food provided to the animals.
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Carworth Farms
- Sex:
- male/female
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: Dietary administration of food, fumigated with hydrogen cyanide
- Vehicle:
- other: standard rat chow
- Details on exposure:
- Rat chow was fumigated with hydrogen cyanide for 24 hours, then placed in a sealed container to avoid volatilization of the cyanide.
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 2 years
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100 and 300 ppm/day
Basis:
actual ingested
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 rats per sex per dose group
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No gross signs of toxicity were observed.
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- No gross signs of toxicity were observed.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No overall effects except in females given 100 ppm with increased body weight due to one female with a tumor.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No effects of HCN fumigation on intake of food.
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Hematological values determined on representative rats initially and at termination of the study appear to be within normal limits.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Plasma and red blood cell levels of thiocyanate were elevated over that of controls in both the 100 and 300 ppm groups. No other clinical chemisty findings were significant. Cyanide was inconsistently detected in selected organs in the high dose group.
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Relative organ weight of experimental and test groups appeared to be within normal limits.
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- In all groups (including controls): pale granular livers, renal medullary congestion, small spleens, enlarged adrenals, atrophied encysted and inflamed genital organs, enharged hemorrhagic pituitaries, and ear infections.
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No evidence of histopathology due to HCN feeding.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No effects related to cyanide exposure.
- Details on results:
- Carworth Farms rats (10/sex/group), for 2 years, were fed diets fumigated with HCN. The concentration of HCN in the diets was determined analytically. Special jars were used in order to limit volatilisation of HCN from the food. The food was changed every two days. The dietary concentrations were 100 and 300 mg/kg on the first of 2 days and decreased to about 50 and 80 ppm respectively on the second day. In a preliminary study, 300 mg/kg had been identified as the maximum level that did not result in immediately decreased food intake. The animals did not accept higher concentrations due to reduced palatability. Survival, body-weight gain, food intake, and clinical behaviour were not different between treated and control groups in the two year study. Absolute and relative organ weights (organs examined: liver, kidney, spleen, brain, heart, adrenals, testes and ovaries) were also comparable to controls. No treatment-related histopathological changes were observed in the organs examined (heart, lung, liver, spleen, gastro-intestinal tract, kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, testes, uterus, ovaries, cerebrum, cerebellum and brain). The NOAEL in this study was approximately 8.2 mg HCN/kg bw/d, or 7.9 mg CN ion/kg bw/d.
- Relevance of carcinogenic effects / potential:
- In a 2-year cancer bioassay, hydrogen cyanide demonstrated no evidence of carcinogenicity at concentrations up to 300 ppm.
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 300 ppm (analytical)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No tumors were observed in rats fed a diet of food treated with HCN, at concentrations up to 300 ppm, equivalent to 7.9 mg CN ion/kg bw/d, for 2 years.
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified. Effect type:carcinogenicity (migrated information)
Any other information on results incl. tables
There was observed a random distribution of mortality, no dose-response relationship was observed with HCN intake.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In a 2-year cancer bioassay, Carworth Farms rats (10/sex/group) were fed diets fumigated with HCN, at dose levels of 100 and 300 mg/kg. The animals did not accept higher concentrations due to reduced palatability. Survival, body-weight gain, food intake, and clinical behaviour were not different between treated and control groups in this study. Absolute and relative organ weights were also comparable to controls. No treatment-related histopathologic changes were observed in the organs examined. The NOAEL in this study was the high dose of 300 ppm, equivalent to 8.2 mg HCN/kg bw/d, or 7.9 mg CN ion/kg bw/d.
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