Hydrocarbons, C17-C19, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

October 1990

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: This robust summary has a reliability rating of 2 because only limited analyses accompanied the study. However, the study generally followed a standard guideline and GLP, and was conducted without deviations that would invalidate the study.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.1020 (Gammarid Acute Toxicity Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

The water accommodated fraction prepared at 10000 mg/L and the control used on Day 3 of the study were analyzed. Both samples were analyzed upon preparation and after 24 hours.

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

Individual treatment solutions were prepared by adding accurately weighed test substance, to 1.0 L of natural seawater in erlenmeyer flasks. The stock solutions were thoroughly mixed and the phases were allowed to separate for 24 hours. The Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) was then drawn off the mixing vessel into the test vessels.

Test organisms (species):

other: Chaetogammarus marinus

Details on test organisms:

Test organisms were cultured in the laboratory prior to use in the test. They had a mean length of 4.2 mm. During the test, each test organism was fed a few Artemia nauplii per day.

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

yes

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Post exposure observation period:

None

Hardness:

No data

Test temperature:

15.0 degrees C (mean)

pH:

7.8 to 7.9 for new solutions and 7.7 to 8.0 for 24-hour old solutions.

Dissolved oxygen:

7.7 to 9.1 mg/L for new solutions and 6.8 to 8.5 mg/L for 24-hour old solutions.

Salinity:

33.7‰ (3.4%)

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal treatment levels included the control and 10,000 mg/L. Measured concentrations were determined only for the treatment level on day 3 for the freshly prepared treatment solution and after 24 hours upon renewal. The 10,000 mg/L treatment solution analytical results were only reported for the normal paraffinic constituents, which totaled greater than the limit of detection (0.004 mg/L) in the freshly prepared exposure solution and at the limit of detection, 0.004 mg/L, in the 24-hour old exposure solution. The purpose of the analyses was to demonstrate that components of the test substance were in solution, because no effects were demonstrated in the study.

Details on test conditions:

Test vessels were closed scintillation vials filled with approximately 20 ml of test solution. Twenty replicates each of the treatment and control were tested, each containing 1 test organism. The test organisms were gently transferred daily to vials with freshly prepared WAF. Lighting was 16 hrs light and 8 hrs dark.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

NOELR

Effect conc.:

1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

NOELR

Effect conc.:

1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Swinning behavior and food uptake

Details on results:

Mortality results for the definitive test:
Nominal Crustacean Total
Loading Mortality Mortality
(mg/L) (@ 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs)* (%)
Control 0, 0, 0, 0 0
10,000 0, 0, 0, 0 0

Mortality results for the range-finding test:
Nominal Crustacean Total
Loading Mortality Mortality
(mg/L) (@ 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs)* (%)
Control 0, 0, 0, 0 0
1 0, 0, 0, 0 0
100 0, 0, 0, 0 0
1000 0, 0, 0, 0 0

*20 organisms tested at each of the control and treatment levels

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Statistical analyses were not conducted.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (mortality) with Chaetogammarus marinus at a loading of 10,000 mg/L after a 96-hour exposure. Therefore, the 96-hour LL50 is reported as >10,000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 10,000 mg/L loading level after 96 hours. Therefore, the 96-hour NOELR for mortality is reported as 10,000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

Executive summary:

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (mortality) with Chaetogammarus marinus after 96 hours at a loading of 10,000 mg/L, the only treatment level tested. Therefore, the 96-hour LL50 is reported as >10,000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 10,000 mg/L loading level after 96 hours and no effects on swimming and feeding behavior were observed. Therefore, the 96-hour NOELR for these endpoints is reported as 10,000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control during the study. The control and treatment solutions were renewed every 24 hours. Analytical results showed that the treatment solution contained components of the test substance and that their combined concentration was greater than the limit of detection of the test substance, based on one sample from a freshly prepared WAF for day 3. The only components of the test substance quantitated were the normal paraffins. Threrefore, the analytical data do not characterize the solubility of the test substance from the 10,000 mg/L loading, but only serve to demonstrate that components of the test substance were in solution. The concentration of the test substance from the day three 24-hour old sample was reported at the limit of detection. The low analytical results are to be expected because of the very low water solubility of the components of the test substance. The day 3 analyses were conducted because no effects were observed during the first two days of the study and confirmation of exposure to the test substance was needed.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

March to November 1993

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: This robust summary has a reliability rating of 1 because the study followed a standard guideline, followed GLP guidelines, and was conducted without deviations that would invalidate the study.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

An equilabration study was conducted prior to the study to determine the length of time needed to develop water accommodated fractions (WAFs) at the 1000 mg/L loading level. The aqueous phase of the WAF was analyzed after 1, 24, 48, and 96 hours of stirring. In all samples, the quantity of test substance in solution was less than the limit of detection (0.5 mg/L). Further analysis of test substance in test media a loading level of 1 g/L also showed no detectable amounts of test substance. Consequently, analysis of treatment solutions from the definitive study were not conducted.

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

Organisms used in the test were from a laboratory culture were less than 24 hour old. The source of the culture was from ICI Brixham Laboratory from I.R.Ch.A., France.

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

None

Hardness:

206 mg/L CaCO3

Test temperature:

18 to 19 degrees C

pH:

6.9 to 7.4

Dissolved oxygen:

9.0 to 9.1 mg/L

Salinity:

Reshwater medium

Nominal and measured concentrations:

The nominal loading rates were 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/L. A control was also tested.

Details on test conditions:

The study was conducted in closed test systems that were not renewed during the study. The test systems used were 150 ml glass Erlenmeyer flasks. The control and treatment levels were evaluated in replicate test systems. Ten organisms, less than 24 hours old, were exposed in each of the control and treatment solution flasks and were not fed during the study.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

EL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LL0

Effect conc.:

1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LL0

Effect conc.:

1 000 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mobility

Details on results:

There was no immobility reported in any of the treatment solutions and control at test termination.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

None

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (immobility) with Daphnia magna at a loading of 1000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL50 is reported as >1000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 1000 mg/L loading level after 48 hours. Therefore, the 48-hour LL0 for mortality is reported as 1000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

Executive summary:

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of the test substance did not produce a 50% effect (immobility) with Daphnia magna at a loading of 1000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL50 is reported as >1000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 1000 mg/L loading level after 48 hours. Therefore, the 48-hour LL0 for mortality is reported as 1000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

from 2008-08-04 to 2008-09-07

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Well documented guideline study. NOELR according to OSPAR COM (not relevant in the case of acute toxicity test according to EC standards). Based on WAFs. No analytical monitoring.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: ISO 14669 - 1999 Water quality - Determination of acute lethal toxicity to marine copepods (Copepoda, Crustacea)

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

guideline study

GLP compliance:

yes

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No test surrogate material is tested

Analytical monitoring:

no

Details on sampling:

Not applicable (no analytical monitoring)

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: Water accomodation fractions (WAF) were prepared individually by stirring appropriate amounts of the test substance in natural seawater according to ISO 14442-2006. The solutions were stirred with a spin bar for 22 hrs at a speed which formed a vortex one-third of the depth of the fluid content, followed by standstill for 1.5 hrs. Closed aspirator bottles were used and samples for testing were drawn off through a drain port near the bottom of the bottle.
For two of the concentrations, 3.0 and 99.2 mg/L WAF the spin bar had stopped during the night. They were turned again for 1 hour in the morning. It is not known for how long the spin bars stood still.

-Seawater: natural seawater from an unpolluted site at about 80 m depth in Byfjord, collected from a tap at Akvamiljo on 11.06.2008, after filtration through a sand filter. This seawater had a salinity of 34.8 per thousand. At the lab, the water was filtered through a GF/C filter and briefly heated to 75°C prior to use. In this test seawater with addition of nutrients (according to ISO 110253 - 2006) was used since an algae test was also conducted.

Test organisms (species):

other aquatic arthropod: Acartia tonsa

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
Acartia tonsa, Marine planktonic copepod

- Source: bought as eggs from Marin Biologiisk laboratorium, Kobenhaven University, Helsingor.
- Age at study initiation: 15 days
- Feeding during test: no feeding

ACCLIMATION
The test organisms used in the test were hatched 21.07.2008 at M. Lab and held at a temperature of 19.5 - 24.1 °C. They were fed with a culture of Rhodomonas baltica from day 2.

Test type:

static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Post exposure observation period:

No post exposure observation

Hardness:

Not relevant (seawater study)

Test temperature:

19.5 - 21.5 °C

pH:

8.3

Dissolved oxygen:

7.0 - 7.4 mg/L

Salinity:

34.8 per thousand

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations (loadings): 3.0, 10.0, 31.7, 99.2, 319, 1038, and 3193 mg/L (WAF)

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type: open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 28 mL glass rolled rim vials each containig 25 mL of test solution
- Aeration: none
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): no renewal (static test)
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: natural seawater from an unpolluted site at about 80 m depth in Byfjord,filtered through a sand filter, then through a GF/C filter and briefly heated to about 75°.


OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 hrs light / 8 hrs dark


EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : lethality after 24 and 48 hrs


TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 3.20 (mean)

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

3,5-dichlorophenol

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 3 193 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

(loading)

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: WAF

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LL50

Effect conc.:

> 3 193 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

(loading)

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: WAF

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

other: LL90

Effect conc.:

> 3 193 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

(loading)

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: WAF

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

other: LL90

Effect conc.:

> 3 193 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

(loading)

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: WAF

Details on results:

- Mortality of control: 10%

Results with reference substance (positive control):

- Mortality: 66.7%

Validity of the test: the acceptance criteria were fulfilled

- All copepods were from the same population

- The percentage mortality in the blank did not exceed 10%

- The 48-hr mortality obtained after exposure to 1.0 mg/L 3,5 -dichlorophenol was 66.7 % (in the expected range of 20%-80%)

- The oxygen concentration was greater than 4 mg/L throughout the test (7.0 - 7.4 mg/L)

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

Copepods all from the same population ; mortality in blanks<=10%; oxygen concentration>4mg/l; 48-hr mortality with reference substance within 20-80%

Conclusions:

48-hr LL50 > 3193 mg/l (based upon nominal loading rate)

Executive summary:

An acute toxicity test was conducted on the marine copepod Acartia tonsa. The test substance concentrations (nominal loading rates) ranged from 32.9 to 3190 mg/L. Test solutions were prepared as individual water accomodation fractions (WAF). Control and dilution water were natural seawater from an unpolluted site at about 80m depth in Byfjord, filtered through sand filter at the collection, then through a GF/C filter and briefly heated to 75°C prior to use. Test substance was mixed in dilution water for 22 hours, and the mixture was allowed to settle for 1.5 hours prior to drawing off the aqueous solutions for testing. Test vessels were glass 28 mL rolled rim vials, each containing 25 mL of test solution. In the test, 5 concentrations were tested in a geometric series: 32.9, 99.3, 320, 1000, and 3190 mg/L. Four replicates for the test substance and six for the blank were used, with 5 copepods per vial.

Dissolved oxygen was >4 mg/L during the study. The pH was 8.1 - 8.2. The temperature was 20.3 - 21.9 °C.

Nominal loading (mg/L)	Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)	pH
Control	7.4	8.3
3.0	7.1	8.3
10.0	7.2	8.3
31.7	7.2	8.3
99.2	7.1	8.3
319	7.1	8.3
1038	7.1	8.3
3193	7.1	8.3

Test organisms were obtained from eggs. At test start, the test organisms were 15 days (after hatching).

No excursions from protocol were noted.

Analytical monitoring was not performed.

Nominal Loading (mg/L)	Total number immobilized
	(24 hrs)	(48 hrs)
Control	1	3
3.0	0	3
10.0	0	2
31.7	1	6
99.2	0	7
319	0	2
1038	0	4
3193	0	3

48-hr LL50 > 3193 mg/L (based upon nominal rate)

Description of key information

C14-20 Aliphatics (≤2% aromatic) are poorly soluble and made of constituents with various water solubility. As a consequence, the exposures were performed with Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs). Therefore, the results are based on nominal loadings and the LC₅₀ value given below is actually a LL₅₀ (lethal loading) value. No LC₅₀ could be derived from the acute toxicity studies.

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics did not produce a 50% effect (mortality) with Chaetogammarus marinus at a loading of 10,000 mg/L after a 96-hour exposure. Therefore, the 96-hour LL₅₀is reported as >10,000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 10,000 mg/L loading level after 96 hours. Therefore, the 96-hour NOELR for mortality is reported as 10,000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics did not produce a 50% effect (immobility) with Daphnia magna at a loading of 1000 mg/L after a 48-hour exposure. Therefore, the 48-hour LL₅₀ is reported as >1000 mg/L. There was no mortality at the 1000 mg/L loading level after 48 hours. Therefore, the 48-hour LL0 for mortality is reported as 1000 mg/L. There was also no mortality in the control.

Many study reports that investigated the toxicity of the substance Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, ≤2% aromatics on a marine copepod, Acartia tonsa exposed to water accommodated fractions (WAFs) are available. Several studies indicate very high values (up to 69155 mg in Altin, 1998b), In most of the studies the calculation of LL₅₀ could not be achieved because of the low mortality levels obtained (Aunaas, 1996a and c; Larsen, 2006a, b, d and e; 2008a-c). When more than 5 values are available for LL₅₀, the geometric mean of all the values is considered for LL₅₀. However, in this particular case, as a great number of studies could not achieve the calculation of LL₅₀, the geometric mean cannot be calculated, but 9 studies among 11 found that LL₅₀ was greater than 3000 mg/L. Therefore, it is considered that LL₅₀ is >3000 mg/L.