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EC number: 234-744-4 | CAS number: 12030-85-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Justification for type of information:
- For details and justification of read-across please refer to the attached report in section 13 of IUCLID.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: El20
- Effect conc.:
- 2 186 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 1 105 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 3 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 2 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 1 498 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95%-CI: 1286 – 1723 mg/L
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EL20
- Effect conc.:
- 1 060 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95%-CI: 818 – 1242 mg/L
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 885 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95%-CI: 633 – 1069 mg/L
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 1 333 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOELR
- Effect conc.:
- 889 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- - Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: agglomerates formed, test substance is not stable in the neutralized test medium
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - EC50 (24): 1.97 mg/L
- EC50 (48): < 1.25 mg/L - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- For the conducted semi-static acute immobilization test with Daphnia magna, applying nominal concentrations of 889 to 4500 mg/L niobium pentachloride, nominal effect levels were calculated:
- 48 h EL50 (nominal): 1498 mg/L (95%-CI: 1286 – 1723 mg/L);
- 48h LOELR: 1333 mg/L;
- 48h NOELR: 889 mg/L.
Due to methodological difficulties, it was not possible to calculate effect concentrations based on measured concentrations. Hence, values are reported based on the nominal loading rates. - Executive summary:
The 48-h acute toxicity of niobium pentachloride to Daphnia magna was studied under the conditions of OECD guideline 202 (semi-static conditions). Daphnids were exposed to a control containing no test substance and niobium pentachloride at nominal loading rates of 889, 1333, 2000, 3000 and 4500 mg/L for 48 h. Immobilization was observed daily. Due to highly variable Nb5+ concentrations in solution, effect concentrations were based on nominal loading rates. The 48-h EL50 was 1498 mg/L. The 48-h NOELR based on immobilization was 889 mg/L and the LOELR was 1333 mg/L. This study is classified as acceptable and satisfies the guideline requirements for an acute toxicity study with freshwater invertebrates. However, it was not possible to determine effect levels based on measured effective test substance concentrations. After pH adjustment, the measured Nb5+concentrations were low and showed high variability. Therefore, no concentration-response relationship could be established. Concentrations of the test sample varied due to precipitation, agglomeration and adsorption reactions. In addition, slight changes in pH had profound impact on the test concentrations. Observed immobilization effects may predominantly refer to elevated NaCl concentrations, originated from neutralization, than released Nb5+ions. Reported EC50values for NaCl vary but may be as low as 874 mg/L (ECHA registry for NaCl). Due to a concentration of approximately 4.68 g/L NaCl, present at the highest loading rate of 4500 mg/L test substance, and the sensitivity of D. magna to salinity, any hypothetical Nb5+related effects cannot be distinguished from NaCl induced inhibition in the conducted test.
Results Synopsis
Test Organism Age: < 24 h
Test Type: Semi-static
24 h
48 h
ELR50 (nominal)
n.d.
1498 mg/L
(95%-CI: 1286 – 1723 mg/L)
ELR20 (nominal)
2186 mg/L
(95%-CI: n.d.)
1060 mg/L
(95%-CI: 818 – 1242 mg/L)
ELR10 (nominal)
1105 mg/L
(95%-CI: n.d.)
885 mg/L
(95%-CI: 633 – 1069 mg/L)
LOELR(nominal)
3000 mg/L
1333 mg/L
NOELR(nominal)
2000 mg/L
889 mg/L
Endpoint Effected: Mobility
This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance.
For details and justification of read-across please refer to the attached report in section 13 of IUCLID.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Justification for type of information:
- For details and justification of read-across please refer to the attached report in section 13 of IUCLID.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- >= 580 - <= 880 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- D. magna
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- >= 440 - <= 880 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: D. magna
- Details on results:
- Effect range for D. magna is given from n=3 tests. D. magna: arithmetic mean after 48 h exposure is given as 660 mg/L.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- 48-h LC50 values for NaCl averaged 1,042 mg/L:To determine whether the results of reference toxicant tests related to the responses observed in the concurrent exposures to ion combinations, LC50 values were calculated for the reference toxicant tests from the first 11 test groups with C. dubia (total of 1,045 ion solutions tested). During this period, 48-h LC50 values for NaCl averaged 1,042 mg/L as Cl2 with a coefficient of variation equal to 24%. The LC50 value from the concurrent reference toxicant test was included as an independent variable for each ion solution and thus considered by the stepwise logistic regression. In this analysis, the reference reference toxicant variable was not selected as being statistically significant, explaining only 0.12 % of the overall variance.From this, we surmised that there was no consistent relationship between the sensitivity of the test organisms (as measured by the reference toxicant test) and the responses of organisms in the concurrent ion exposures. For this reason, the reference toxicant test results were not considered further in subsequent regressions.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Coefficients of variation for LC50 values for individual ion combinations were typical for acute toxicity tests, with means of 17 % for D. magna (SD = 7.5; range 4.8–31).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- Within the frame of analysing statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to aquatic invertebrates and freshwater fish the toxicity of KCl to Daphnia manga was assessed. The study was conducted according to U.S. EPA national methods.
- Executive summary:
The 48-hr acute toxicity of KCl to Daphnia magna was studied under static conditions. Daphnids were exposed to control, positive control (NaCl), and test chemical at nominal concentrations 10,000, 5,000, 2,500, 1,250 mg a.i./L for 48 hr. Mortality was observed at test termination. The 48-hr LC50was determined with a mean of 660 mg/L for D. magna.
Based on the results of this study, KCl would not be classified as toxic to D. magna in accordance with the CLP classification system.
This study is classified as acceptable for an acute toxicity study with freshwater invertebrates.
Results Synopsis
Test Organism Age (e.g. 1stinstar): < 24 h
Test Type (Flowthrough, Static, Static Renewal): Static
Daphnia magna:
LC50: 660 mg a.i./L
Endpoint(s) Effected: mortality
This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance.
For details and justification of read-across please refer to the attached report in section 13 of IUCLID.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Justification for type of information:
- For details and justification of read-across please refer to the attached report in section 13 of IUCLID.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- >= 580 - <= 630 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- C. dubia
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- >= 580 - <= 760 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- C. dubia
- Details on results:
- Effect range for C. dubia is given from n=3 tests. C. dubia: arithmetic mean after 48 h exposure is given as 630 mg/L.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- 48-h LC50 values for NaCl averaged 1,042 mg/L:To determine whether the results of reference toxicant tests related to the responses observed in the concurrent exposures to ion combinations, LC50 values were calculated for the reference toxicant tests from the first 11 test groups with C. dubia (total of 1,045 ion solutions tested). During this period, 48-h LC50 values for NaCl averaged 1,042 mg/L as Cl2 with a coefficient of variation equal to 24%. The LC50 value from the concurrent reference toxicant test was included as an independent variable for each ion solution and thus considered by the stepwise logistic regression. In this analysis, the reference reference toxicant variable was not selected as being statistically significant, explaining only 0.12 % of the overall variance.From this, we surmised that there was no consistent relationship between the sensitivity of the test organisms (as measured by the reference toxicant test) and the responses of organisms in the concurrent ion exposures. For this reason, the reference toxicant test results were not considered further in subsequent regressions.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Coefficients of variation for LC50 values for individual ion combinations were typical for acute toxicity tests, with means of 17 % for C. dubia (SD = 14; range 0.0–61).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Within the frame of analysing statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to aquatic invertebrates and freshwater fish the toxicity of KCl to Ceriodaphnia dubia was assessed. The study was conducted according to U.S. EPA national methods.
- Executive summary:
The 48-hr acute toxicity of KCl to Ceriodaphnia dubia was studied under static conditions. Daphnids were exposed to control, positive control (NaCl), and test chemical at nominal concentrations 10,000, 5,000, 2,500, 1,250 mg a.i./L for 48 hr. Mortality was observed at test termination. The 48-hr LC50was determined with a mean of 630 mg/L for C. dubia.
Based on the results of this study, KCL would not be classified as toxic to C. dubia in accordance with the CLP classification system.
This study is classified as acceptable for an acute toxicity study with freshwater invertebrates.
Results Synopsis
Test Organism Age (e.g. 1stinstar): < 24 h
Test Type (Flowthrough, Static, Static Renewal): Static
Ceriodaphnia dubia
LC50: 630 mg a.i./L
Endpoint(s) Effected: mortality
This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance.
For details and justification of read-across please refer to the attached report in section 13 of IUCLID.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 3: Results of the immobilization test after 24 h and 48 h including recorded parameters.
Loading rate [mg/L] |
Volume test solution [mL] |
Time [h] |
Number immobile/ daphnids inserted |
Sum immobile |
Sum inserted |
Immobilization [%] |
Oxygen [mg/L] |
pH |
|||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Initial |
End |
Initial |
End |
||||||
889 |
20 |
24 |
0/5 |
1/5 |
1/5 |
0/5 |
2 |
20 |
10 |
6.9 |
7.4 |
6.5 |
6.9 |
48 |
0/5 |
1/5 |
1/5 |
0/5 |
2 |
20 |
10 |
5.8 |
7.4 |
7.4 |
|||
1333 |
20 |
24 |
2/5 |
1/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
3 |
20 |
15 |
6.9 |
7.3 |
6.5 |
6.8 |
48 |
3/5 |
3/5 |
1/5 |
1/5 |
8 |
20 |
40 |
5.9 |
7.4 |
7.0 |
|||
2000 |
20 |
24 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
6.8 |
7.8 |
6.5 |
6.8 |
48 |
4/5 |
4/5 |
3/5 |
4/5 |
15 |
20 |
75 |
6.1 |
8.1 |
6.7 |
|||
3000 |
20 |
24 |
3/5 |
2/5 |
2/5 |
2/5 |
9 |
20 |
45 |
6.8 |
7.7 |
6.5 |
6.8 |
48 |
5/5 |
5/5 |
4/5 |
5/5 |
19 |
20 |
95 |
6.0 |
8.1 |
6.5 |
|||
4500 |
20 |
24 |
0/5 |
3/5 |
1/5 |
2/5 |
6 |
20 |
30 |
6.9 |
8.0 |
6.5 |
6.7 |
48 |
5/5 |
5/5 |
5/5 |
5/5 |
20 |
20 |
100 |
6.0 |
8.0 |
6.5 |
|||
Control |
24 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
7.1 |
8.0 |
7.6 |
7.4 |
|
48 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0/5 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
6.9 |
8.0 |
6.4 |
Table 4: Results of the chemical analysis
|
NC |
A |
C |
E |
|
Nominal loading rate [mg/L] |
0 |
889 |
2000 |
4500 |
|
Measured concentration [µg/L] |
|||||
|
0 h |
< LOQ |
114 |
8.90 |
504 |
Before chemical |
24 h (aged) |
< LOQ |
1.63 |
3.89 |
183 |
digestion |
24 h (fresh) |
0.98* |
729 |
49.4 |
303 |
|
48 h |
< LOQ |
260 |
6.01 |
2.17 |
|
0 h |
< LOQ |
120 |
55.6 |
395 |
After chemical |
24 h (aged) |
< LOQ |
15.1 |
42.8 |
243 |
digestion |
24 h (fresh) |
3.93* |
577 |
277 |
331 |
|
48 h |
2.09* |
344 |
80.9 |
- |
LOQ (Limit of quantification) = 0.5 μg/L
*due to memory effects
The measured ion concentrations in the stock solution differed less than 20 % from nominal concentrations and, thus, calculations are based on nominal values.
To calculate ion concentrations in actual test solutions, the concentrations in the applicable stock solutions were multiplied by the relative proportion of each solution in the test solution. Because the dilution water (MHRW) also contained small concentrations of each ion, these background concentrations were then added to the calculated contributions from the stock solutions.
The measured ion concentrations in the stock solution differed less than 20 % from nominal concentrations and, thus, calculations are based on nominal values.
To calculate ion concentrations in actual test solutions, the concentrations in the applicable stock solutions were multiplied by the relative proportion of each solution in the test solution. Because the dilution water (MHRW) also contained small concentrations of each ion, these background concentrations were then added to the calculated contributions from the stock solutions.
Description of key information
Two studies are available for aquatic invertebrates which can be used for read-across to potassium niobate: Heisterkamp (2015) describes the toxicity of NbCl5, while Mount (1997) reports the toxicity of KCl. Hence, the main components (Nb and K ions) of the target substance (KNbO3) are assessed by the mentioned ecotoxicological studies.
Mount et al. published a peer-reviewed study in 1997 on the toxicity of several ionic compounds to Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia including the substance KCl. This study is rated Klimisch 2. The tests with the daphnids were conducted similar to the OECD test guideline 202. The EC50 values after 48-h of static exposure derived for Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia are 660 mg/L and 630 mg/L, respectively.
The Study by Heisterkamp (2015) was conducted according to GLP principles and followed the OECD test guideline 202. For the conducted semi-static acute immobilization test with Daphnia magna, applying nominal concentrations of 889 to 4500 mg/L niobium pentachloride, nominal 48-h EL50 based on the nominal loading rate was 1498 mg/L.
However, it was not possible to determine effect levels based on measured effective test substance concentrations. After pH adjustment the measured Nb5+ concentrations were low and showed high variability. Therefore, no concentration-response relationship could be established. Concentrations of the test sample varied due to precipitation, agglomeration and adsorption reactions. In addition, slight changes in pH had profound impact on the test concentrations. Observed immobilization effects may therefore rather predominantly refer to elevated NaCl concentrations, originated from neutralization, than released Nb5+ ions. Reported EC50 values for sodium chloride vary but may be as low as 874 mg/L (ECHA registry for sodium chloride). Due to a concentration of approximately 4.68 g/L NaCl, present at the highest loading rate of 4500 mg/L test substance, and the sensitivity of D. magna to salinity, any hypothetical Nb5+ related effects cannot be distinguished from NaCl induced inhibition in the conducted test.
This information is used in a read-across approach in the assessment of the target substance.
For details and justification of read-across please refer to the attached report in section 13 of IUCLID.
The key value for chemical safety assessment is derived by calculating the EC50value of KNbO3for combined effects of niobium and potassium ions upon dissolution of the test substance KNbO3 in water. According to information from the available water solubility study according to OECD 105, 441 mg/L and 143 mg/L of potassium and niobium, respectively, are released from a nominal loading of 20 g KNbO3/L. The acute toxicity of KNbO3 to aquatic invertebrates can be calculated according to the following formula:
Sum(Ci) / EC50m= Sum (Ci / EC50i)
With
- Ci =concentration of component i (weight percentage)
- EC50i= EC50value for component i
- n = number of components
- EC50m= EC50of the part of the mixture with test data
The weight percentages of potassium and niobium correspond to 75.5 % and 24.5 %, respectively.Sum (Ci) corresponds to 100 %. Thus, the calculated EC50 for KNbO3 is approximately 735 mg/L. This value is carried forward in the risk assessment.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 735 mg/L
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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