Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 204-625-1 | CAS number: 123-41-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
Please refer also to Read Across Statement attached in Section 13
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In this read-across approach data choline chloride are used to fill data gaps for choline hydroxide, in accordance with Regulation No 1907/2006 (REACH), Annex XI. The basis for this read-across approach is the “Read-Across Assessment Framework” (RAAF) (ECHA 2017). The read-across hypothesis for the analogue approach is that choline hydroxide and choline chloride exhibit a similar (eco)toxicological profile. This is due to the fact that both choline salts as quaternary alkylammonium salts dissociate readily into the respective ions when getting into contact with water and the choline cation is what is left to be considered (US EPA, 2010). Thus, the different choline salts are used to for hazard assessment. According to the RAAF this approach is covered by scenario 1: “(Bio)transformation to common compound(s)”.
“This scenario covers the analogue approach for which the read-across hypothesis is based on (bio) transformation to common compound(s). For the REACH information requirement under consideration, the property investigated in a study conducted with one source substance is used to predict the properties that would be observed in a study with the target substance if it were to be conducted. Similar properties or absence of effect are predicted. The predicted property may be similar or based on a worst-case approach.” (ECHA 2017).
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
Source chemical:
2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
Molecular formula: C5H14ClNO
SMILES: [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO
CAS: 67-48-1
Purity: not specified
Target chemical:
Choline hydroxide
Molecular formula: C5H15NO2
SMILES: [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO
CAS: 123-41-1
Purity: 96 %
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
Upon contact with water, choline hydroxide is expected to dissociate into the cationic form (choline) and the anionic form (hydroxide ions); the hydroxy moiety dissociates and essentially ceases to exist upon mixing with water in preparation for application and in the body. The latter will be even skipped because both choline hydroxide and choline chloride are only distributed as aqueous solution, i.a. due to their hygroscopic properties. The choline cation is what is left to be considered (US EPA, 2010). Due to the structural similarities, i.e. the identical organic cation, which contains a positively charged nitrogen, and small, negatively charged inorganic anion (for choline base: Hydroxide), this is a reasonable and scientifically expectable conclusion, which allow one to draw the generalized conclusion, that Choline salts in general dissociate readily in water into the corresponding positively charged quaternary hydroxyl alkylammonium ion and the negatively charged inorganic anion (OECD SIDS, 2004). The choline cation therefore, is the moiety of interest. Based on the fact that in the environment and in biological fluids the same compounds are formed from the source and the target substances, the same (eco)toxicological profile of choline hydroxide and choline chloride is expected. Therefore, the read-across approach is justified. Thus, the available studies for the source substance choline chloride were used to fill data gaps for choline hydroxide for several environmental and toxicological endpoints. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 95.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (TWA)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: parental mortality
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 58.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (TWA)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % CL: 37.7 - 83.7 mg/L
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (TWA)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 95.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (TWA)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- - Mortality of control: The mortality rate of the parent Daphnia in the control area was 0 % at the end of the exposure. in nominal concentration 10 % on day 14 and 21 mortality 10 and 20 % observed. This meets the criteria of less than 20 %, which was a condition for the study to be established. The criteria for the study to be valid, i.e. less than or equal to 20 %, were met. No dormant eggs were observed in the control and in each test concentration.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- - LC50 with corresponding 95 % CL: cannot be calculated
- EC50 with corresponding 95 % CL: calculated by Probit method
- NOEC and LOEC: The cumulative number of juveniles produced per adult in control and test concentration after 21 d was tested by Dunnett multiple comparison method
- Method of calculating mean measured concentrations: Time-weighted Mean - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Scientific criteria for acute toxicity testing to aquatic invertebrates seemed to be fulfilled.
- Conclusions:
- The study is reported in the freely available IUCLID 4 substance dataset from ESIS. The experiment was conducted according to OECD 211 with GLP compliance. Available data indicate that the study was well-performed. As result, the NOEC(21d) was determined as 30.2 mg/L, based on time-weighted mean of measured concentrations.
- Executive summary:
A long-term experiment was conducted with the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia magna in order to determine the impact of Choline chloride on the reproduction rate during an exposure duration of 21 days (MOE Japan, 1999). The study was conducted according to OECD 211 and under GLP compliance. The nominal test concentrations were reported as 0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L, whereby the measured concentrations (based on time-weighted mean of measured concentrations) were as followed: 0, 2.83, 9.00, 30.2 and 95.5 mg/L. 10 replicates per concentration and 1 individual per replicate were implemented. The stability of the test substance was confirmed by IR absorption spectrum. A photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h dark was produced. The green algae Chlorella vulgaris served as food during the exposure duration. Potassium dichromate was used as reference substance, resulting in an EC50(48h) of 0.079, based on mobility). The effect data for choline chloride, based on reproduction, were reported as followed: LC50(21d) > 95.50 mg/L (parental mortality), EC50(21d): 58.9 mg/L (95 % CL: 37.7 - 83.7 mg/L), NOEC(21d): 30.2 mg/L and LOEC(21d): 95.5 mg/L. The results are based on the time-weighted mean of measured concentrations. Based on the fact that in the environment and in biological fluids the same compounds are formed from the source and the target substances, the choline moiety is the considered fraction of the source substance. Thus, this conclusion can also be drawn for the target substance choline hydroxide.
Reference
Table 1. Measured concentrations
Nominal concentration |
0h |
1h |
10d |
11d |
20d |
21d |
0.00 |
N.D. |
N.D. |
N.D. |
N.D. |
N.D. |
N.D. |
3.20 |
3.10 |
3.10 |
3.30 |
2.50 |
3.20 |
1.90 |
10.00 |
9.70 |
9.70 |
10.30 |
8.10 |
9.90 |
6.60 |
32.00 |
33.50 |
32.80 |
34.20 |
25.70 |
32.10 |
23.70 |
100.00 |
104.00 |
101.00 |
104.00 |
87.00 |
101.00 |
77.30 |
New: freshly prepared test solution. |
Table 2. Percent of nominal concentration
Nominal concentration |
0h |
1h |
10d |
11d |
20d |
21d |
0.00 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
3.20 |
97 % |
97 % |
103 % |
78 % |
100 % |
59 % |
10.00 |
97 % |
97 % |
103 % |
81 % |
99 % |
66 % |
32.00 |
105 % |
103 % |
107 % |
80 % |
100 % |
74 % |
100.00 |
104 % |
101 % |
104 % |
87 % |
101 % |
77 % |
New: freshly prepared test solution. |
Table 3. Cumulative number of died parental Daphnia
Nominal concentration |
Cumulative Number of Died Parental Daphnia |
0.00 |
0 (0) |
3.20 |
0 (0) |
10.00 |
2 (20) |
32.00 |
0 (0) |
100.00 |
0 (0) |
Table 4. Time to first brood production
Nominal concentration |
Time to First Brood Production |
0.00 |
8.3 |
3.20 |
7.9 |
10.00 |
8.9 |
32.00 |
8.3 |
100.00 |
11.2 |
Table 5. Cumulative numbers of juvenile produced per adult
Nominal Concentration |
Mean cumulative numbers of juveniles produced per adult for 21 days |
|||||||||||||||
0 - 6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
|
0.00 |
0 - 0 |
1.0 |
11.8 |
12.0 |
14.0 |
36.5 |
36.6 |
43.0 |
66.4 |
66.4 |
74.2 |
105.9 |
106.1 |
111.5 |
140.0 |
140.0 |
3.20 |
0 - 0 |
4.8 |
10.6 |
11.0 |
24.0 |
37.6 |
37.6 |
50.1 |
67.2 |
67.2 |
82.4 |
106.5 |
106.5 |
116.9 |
164.0 |
146.0 |
10.00 |
0 - 0 |
0.1 |
8.3 |
9.0 |
9.90 |
32.6 |
32.8 |
39.8 |
63.5 |
63.5 |
70.3 |
103.8 |
103.9 |
109.5 |
142.0 |
142.0 |
32.00 |
0 - 0 |
3.7 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
13.3 |
30.6 |
30.7 |
41.4 |
58.3 |
58.3 |
72.4 |
94.1 |
94.1 |
115.4 |
136.1 |
136.1 |
100.00 |
0 - 0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.80 |
2.70 |
4.10 |
4.10 |
5.60 |
7.5 |
8.9 |
9.5 |
11.8 |
11.8 |
11.8 |
11.8 |
Table 6. Cumulative numbers of juvenile produced per adult alive for 21 days
Nominal concentration [mg/L] |
|||||
Vessel No. |
0.00 |
3.20 |
10.00 |
32.00 |
100.00 |
1 |
162 |
150 |
D |
140 |
13 |
2 |
151 |
136 |
147 |
147 |
12 |
3 |
152 |
143 |
125 |
114 |
5 |
4 |
142 |
150 |
D |
168 |
12 |
5 |
150 |
154 |
139 |
125 |
11 |
6 |
136 |
124 |
151 |
125 |
12 |
7 |
128 |
152 |
152 |
142 |
10 |
8 |
118 |
140 |
129 |
129 |
17 |
9 |
121 |
162 |
140 |
149 |
11 |
10 |
140 |
149 |
153 |
122 |
15 |
Mean |
140.0 |
146.0 |
142.0 |
136.1 |
11.8 |
S.D. |
14.4 |
10.7 |
10.7 |
16.1 |
3.2 |
Inhibition ratio [%] |
- |
-4.3 |
-1.4 |
2.8 |
91.6 |
Significant difference |
- |
N.S. |
N.S. |
N.S. |
* |
D: No calculation performed since parental Daphnia was dead during the 21-days testing period |
Description of key information
There are no studies on the Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates available for the source substance choline hydroxide.
However, there are studies available for the close analogue Choline chloride.
RA_CAS 67-48-1_Daphnia magna_OECD 211_time-weighted mean of measured concentrations: LC50(21d) > 95.50 mg/L (parental mortality), EC50(21d): 58.9 mg/L (95 % CL: 37.7 - 83.7 mg/L), NOEC(21d): 30.2 mg/L, LOEC(21d): 95.5 mg/L
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect concentration:
- 30.2 mg/L
Additional information
No information about long-term effects towards aquatic invertebrates is available for Choline hydroxide.
To fulfil this endpoint, a read-across to Choline chloride (CAS 67-48-1) is intended, since both substances possess a strong structural similarity and substance characteristics. For the detailed justification of this procedure, please refer to the separate read-across statement by Chemservice S.A. (2013).
A long-term experiment was conducted with the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia magna in order to determine the impact of the reliable read-across substance Choline chloride (CAS 67-48-1) on the reproduction rate during an exposure duration of 21 days (MOE Japan, 1999). The study was conducted according to OECD 211 and under GLP compliance. The nominal test concentrations were reported as 0, 3.2, 10, 32 and 100 mg/L, whereby the measured concentrations (based on time-weighted mean of measured concentrations) were as followed: 0, 2.83, 9.00, 30.2 and 95.5 mg/L. 10 replicates per concentration and 1 individual per replicate were implemented. The stability of the test substance was confirmed by IR absorption spectrum. A photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h dark was produced. The green algae Chlorella vulgaris served as food during the exposure duration. Potassium dichromate was used as reference substance, resulting in an EC50(48h) of 0.079, based on mobility). The effect data for choline chloride, based on reproduction, were reported as followed: LC50(21d) > 95.50 mg/L (parental mortality), EC50(21d): 58.9 mg/L (95 % CL: 37.7 - 83.7 mg/L), NOEC(21d): 30.2 mg/L and LOEC(21d): 95.5 mg/L. The results are based on the time-weighted mean of measured concentrations.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.