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EC number: 235-762-5 | CAS number: 12672-27-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to birds
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
EC10 (14 d) = 251 mg Co/kg feed (Gallus gallus) for pathology (read-across from cobalt chloride hexahydrate)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
No data on the toxicity to birds are available for the test substance cobalt aluminium oxide. However, there are reliable data available for different structurally analogue substances.
The environmental fate pathways and ecotoxicity effects assessments for cobalt metal and cobalt compounds as well as for aluminium metal and aluminium compounds is based on the observation that adverse effects to aquatic, soil- and sediment-dwelling organisms are a consequence of exposure to the bioavailable ion, released by the parent compound. The result of this assumption is that the ecotoxicological behaviour will be similar for all soluble cobalt and aluminium substances used in the ecotoxicity tests.
As cobalt aluminium oxide has shown to be highly insoluble with regard to the results of the transformation/dissolution test protocol (pH 6, 28 d), it can be assumed that under environmental conditions in aqueous media, the components of the substance will be present in a bioavailable form only in minor amounts, if at all. Within this dossier all available data from cobalt and aluminium substances are pooled and used for the derivation of ecotoxicological and environmental fate endpoints, based on the cobalt ion and aluminium ion. For cobalt, only data from soluble substances were available and for aluminium, both soluble and insoluble substance data were available. All data were pooled and considered as a worst-case assumption for the environment. However, it should be noted that this represents an unrealistic worst-case scenario, as under environmental conditions the concentration of soluble Co2+ and Al3+ ions released is negligible.
Cobalt
Data on birds resulting in high quality information (expressed as Co) on several bird species (n=3) are summarized in the WHO CICAD (2006).Dietary levels of 251 mg Co/kg feed, tested as cobalt chloride hexahydrate, caused a mortality of 10% in 14 day old broiler chickens, while concentrations of 116 mg Co/kg feed and higher decreased body weight and food intake significantly (Diaz et al., 1994). Another study on 2-week old chickens showed significant adverse effects on growth at 100 mg Co/kg diet, tested as cobalt chloride, and significant mortality at 200 mg Co/kg diet, tested as cobalt chloride, after 5 weeks. The latter study showed similar results at 200 mg Co/kg feed causing lesions and significant mortality at 500 mg Co/kg feed after 28 days in white peking ducklings.
References: World Health Organization (2006). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 69. COBALT AND INORGANIC COBALT COMPOUNDS.
Aluminium
Aluminium (Al) impairment in birds and mammals is mainly related to its disruptive effect on calcium homeostasis as well as phosphorus metabolism. This adverse effect leads to muscle weakness and decreased growth rates (Scheuhammer 1987). This metal also induces defective eggshell formation and intrauterine bleeding in Al-contaminated pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca; Nyholm, 1981). Scheuhammer (1991) examined the accumulation of aluminium in different species of ducklings dwelling in an acidified lake in Ontario, Canada. The species of ducks chosen for study have significantly different feeding habits. Young black and ring-necked ducks feed mainly on surface insects in near-shore vegetation; goldeneye and hooded mergansers are pursuit divers that prey on large, mobile invertebrates, although goldeneye take more benthic material, and hooded mergansers probably take some fish and amphibians as well; common mergansers are almost exclusively fish-eaters. Tissue metal concentrations accumulated by ducklings during their first few months of life indicate that dietary exposure of ducklings to toxicologically relevant levels Al is unlikely to occur in acidified environments. Kidney-A1concentrations ranged from undetectable (< 0.01 µg/g) to about 5 µg/g.
Avian toxicity data are used in the assessment of secondary poisoning risks for the aquatic and terrestrial food chains. The available evidence shows the absence of aluminium biomagnification across trophic levels both in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. The existing information suggests not only that aluminium does not biomagnify, but rather that it tends to exhibit biodilution at higher levels of the food chain. The potential for massive aluminium, powders or aluminium oxide to be consumed by birds is extremely negligible. Therefore the need for additional testing for secondary poisoning can be waived. More detailed information can be found in the attached document (White paper on waiving for secondary poisoning for Al & Fe compounds final report 02-02-2010. pdf).
Conclusion
As the effect values derived from analogue cobalt
compounds are considerably lower than those derived from analogue
aluminium substances, it can be reasoned that the cobalt ion will mainly
account for ecotoxicological effects of the substance. Hence, it was
concluded to put forward the most sensitive and reliable results derived
from analogue cobalt compounds for assessment purposes. Still, it should
be noted that this represents an unrealistic worst-case scenario as
under environmental conditions in aqueous media, the components of the
highly insoluble substance will be present in a bioavailable form only
in minor amounts, if at all, and hence, the concentration of soluble
Co2+ and Al3+ ions released is negligible.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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