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EC number: 242-538-0 | CAS number: 18727-04-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to reproduction: other studies
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Basic data given.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Embryonic Losses after 10-week Administration of Cobalt to Male Mice
- Author:
- Pedigo, N.G. and Vernon, M.W.
- Year:
- 1 993
- Bibliographic source:
- Reproductive Toxicology 7: 111-116
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Male mice are treated with the test substance via drinking water and are mated with untreated female at different time points of the administration period.
- In a dominant lethal assay (DLA) male mice that were treated with cobalt for 10 weeks are mated with untreated females for 2 weeks. To assess the impact of subchronic cobalt administration on offspring. Pregnant female are sacrificed on day 19 of gestation and the foetuses are evaluated as well as the number of resorption and number of preimplantation losses.
- Fertility after administration of cobalt is assessed by evaluating the growth and development of embryos in vitro (from 2-cell stage) at different administration time points as well as after a 8-week recovery period and by computerized semen analyses after the DLA (week 12).
Levels of cobalt in male reproductive tissue is determined after termination of the administration period and after the recovery period. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- in vivo
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- cobalt chloride hexahydrate
- IUPAC Name:
- cobalt chloride hexahydrate
- Reference substance name:
- 7791-13-1
- EC Number:
- 616-574-6
- Cas Number:
- 7791-13-1
- IUPAC Name:
- 7791-13-1
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): cobalt chloride hexahydrate
- Analytical purity: no data
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- B6C3F1
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Harlan Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Age at study initiation: (males) 8-10 weeks; (females) 6-7 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: (mean) 26.32 ± 1.6 g
- Housing: (males) individually; (females) 5/cage
- Diet: Purina Rodent Chaw; ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
Each male was required to produce 2 confirmed pregnancies within 2 weeks as a demonstration of reproductive competence.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 23
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 10/14
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Vehicle:
- water
- Remarks:
- (from a Milli-Q Pyrogen Free Water System)
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10 weeks (only males were treated)
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily via drinking water
- Duration of test:
- 18 weeks (including DLA (2 weeks) and additional recovery period of 6 weeks)
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
400 ppm
Basis:
nominal in water
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 (males in DLA)
- Control animals:
- other: yes, pure drinking water
- Details on study design:
- Culture of preimplantation embryos:
The growth and development of preimplantation embryos from cobalt-treated males and untreated females (mated 1:1) was evaluated in vitro. Evaluation began 1 week after the beginning of cobalt administration to week 9. The pregnant females are sacrificed on day 2 of gestation for collection of ova/embryos and the growth and development of the embryos was evaluated in vitro. The number of 2-cell embryos with equal-sized blastomeres were counted as fertilized oocytes and the fertilization rate calculated as a percentage of total ova released. The embryos were evaluated daily from the 2-cell embryo to the blastocyst at 72 h.
Dominant lethal assay:
To study the potential importance of preimplantation losses, the effects of cobalt on the offspring of treated males were assessed in a dominant lethal assay (DLA). 10 control and 10 treated males were mated with untreated females over a period of 2 weeks after cobalt administration for 10 weeks (via drinking water). Pregnant females were sacrificed and autopsied on day 19 of pregnancy (vaginal plug detection is defined as day 1 of gestation). Fetuses were evaluated according to the following criteria: gross abnormalities, viability, and fetal size. The number of resorptions were counted and the number of preimplantation losses were calculated as the difference between the number of corpora lutea in the ovary and the number of total implants.
Evaluation of testicular function and sperm motion characteristics:
At the end of the DLA, 5 males of both groups were sacrificed and epididymal sperm were collected and evaluated to determine concentration, motility, path velocity, progressive velocity, linearity lateral head displacement, progressive motility and track speed to determine whether the administration of cobalt influences the function of mature spermotazoa.
Evaluation of fertilization and recovery:
At the end of the DLA, 5 males of both groups were maintained for 6 weeks for evaluation of recovery of fertility and corresponding sperm parameters. For evaluation they were mated (1:1, overnight) with untreated females.
Evaluations of fertility were performed after 7 and 10 weeks of treatment and after the DLA (12 weeks) and during recovery (weeks 16 and 18). Females were sacrificed on day 2 of gestation for collection of ova/embryos and the number of ova/embryos the percentage of fertilisation (2-cells or greater) was calculated. - Statistics:
- - DLA: Student's t-test
- Fertility rate and fertilization rate: chi square analysis
- Development of preimplantation embryos: compartmental analysis
- Comparison of sperm parameters: computerized anaylsis using Student's t-test
Results and discussion
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- reproduction
- Effect level:
- 400 ppm (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: sperm parameters, effects on offspring
Observed effects
- Dominant lethal assay: The percentage of pregnant females (91% (control) vs. 58%, p < 0.001), the number of live embryos per female, and the number of preimplantation losses (0.43 (control) vs. 2.4, p < 0.001) per female were significantly changed in the cobalt-treated group.
- Testicular function and sperm motion characteristics: All sperm parameters were significantly depressed (week 12) except lateral head displacement. Sperm concentration was reduced to 15.3% of control values, motility at 18.3% , path velocity to 30.8%, progressive velocity to 22.2%, linear index to 75.7%, progressive motility to 17.2%, and track speed to 43.7% of control. After 18 weeks (recovery), all sperm parameter values had returned to control levels except concentration (recovered to 63.8% of control).
- Testicular weight: 12 week: 215 ± 24.5 mg (control) vs. 87.5 ± 5.9 mg; 18 week (recovery): 234.2 ± 14.4 mg (control) vs. 140.5 ± 8.7 mg
- Fertilization and recovery: During the 10 weeks of cobalt administration, there was no difference in the fertilisation rate between the groups. After the DLA mating was completed (week 12), the fertilization rate in the treated group was reduced to 1.8% as compared with a control rate of 82.4%. Over the next 4 weeks, the fertilization rate increased, but remained significantly below control values. After 8 weeks of recovery, the fertilization rate returned to control values.
- Cobalt accumulation in tissue: the concentration of cobalt was significantly elevated in renal tissue (224% over controls at the end of the DLA and 119% afte the 8-week recovery period). The hepatic concentration was 187.5% and 137% over control at 12 and 18 weeks, respectively. The concentration of cobalt in testis and epididymides was increased to 252% and 172% over control after 12 weeks, respectively, but the total amount of cobalt per testis and epididymides was unchanged as the tissue weight was significantly lower than that of controls at both 12 and 18 weeks.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that cobalt affects preimplantation losses in the DLA by compromising the fertility of treated males.
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