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EC number: 915-568-3 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Published and peer reviewed study performed according to sound scientific methods, but with slight differences from OECD guideline method.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- FREE AND CONJUGATED CONCENTRATIONS OF NINE RESIN ACIDS IN RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) FOLLOWING WATERBORNE EXPOSURE
- Author:
- Niimi AJ and Lee HB
- Year:
- 1 992
- Bibliographic source:
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 11, pp. 1403-1407, 1992. Printed in the USA. Pergamon Press Ltd.
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The concentration of rosin acids were monitored in water in a flow through system and in exposed fish over a 30 day period. The fish were exposed to the resin acids over the first 20 days to estimate the BCF, followed by a 10 day depuration period to estimate elimination rate.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- palustric acid
- IUPAC Name:
- palustric acid
- Reference substance name:
- Chlorodehydroabietic acid containing equal amounts of 12- and 14-chloro isomers
- IUPAC Name:
- Chlorodehydroabietic acid containing equal amounts of 12- and 14-chloro isomers
- Reference substance name:
- isopimaric acid
- IUPAC Name:
- isopimaric acid
- Reference substance name:
- sandaracopimaric acid
- IUPAC Name:
- sandaracopimaric acid
- Reference substance name:
- Abietic acid
- EC Number:
- 208-178-3
- EC Name:
- Abietic acid
- Cas Number:
- 514-10-3
- IUPAC Name:
- abieta-7,13-dien-18-oic acid
- Reference substance name:
- pimaric acid
- IUPAC Name:
- pimaric acid
- Reference substance name:
- Dichlorodehydroabietic acid
- IUPAC Name:
- Dichlorodehydroabietic acid
- Reference substance name:
- Dehydroabietic acid
- IUPAC Name:
- Dehydroabietic acid
- Reference substance name:
- neoabietic acid
- IUPAC Name:
- neoabietic acid
- Details on test material:
- The chemicals were purchased from Helix Biotech Corporation, Richmond, British Columbia. Purities reported for dehydroabietic acid, neoabietic acid, and isopimaric acid exceeded 98%; 95 to 99% for dichlorodehydroabietic acid; 90 to 95% for abietic acid and palustric acid; 85 to 95% for chlorodehydroabietic acid; and 85 to 90% for sandaracopimaric acid and pimaric acid.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Constituent 3
Constituent 4
Constituent 5
Constituent 6
Constituent 7
Constituent 8
Constituent 9
- Radiolabelling:
- no
Sampling and analysis
- Details on sampling:
- Five trout were sampled just before dosing began and served as control fish. Five fish each were sampled again after 5, 10, 14, and 20 d exposure to estimate BCF. Only acetone was added to the tank after day 20, and five fish each were sampled after 24, 27, and 30 d to estimate the elimination rates of free and conjugated acids. Duplicate 1-L water samples were taken at 4- to 6-d intervals during the first 20 d and on day 24. Water samples were analyzed the same day.
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:
- A stock solution containing the acids dissolved in acetone was continuously added to the 350-L tank at 0.5 ml/min using a peristaltic pump (Gilson Medical Electronics Inc., Middleton, WI). This solution was diluted with a 3-L/min inflow of water. Mean waterborne concentration of each acid was between 0.7 to 3.6 ug/L (Table 1).
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)
- Details on test organisms:
- The hatchery-reared trout, which averaged 140 g each, were held at 15 ± 1°C. Fish were fed every second day on a dry diet at about 1% of body weight.
Study design
- Route of exposure:
- aqueous
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water / sediment media type:
- natural water: freshwater
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 20 d
- Total depuration duration:
- 10 d
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- 135 mg/L as CaC03
- Test temperature:
- 15 ± 1°C
- pH:
- 8.0 to 8.3
- Details on test conditions:
- Free acid concentrations were monitored in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) over a 30-d period. Fish were exposed to waterborne acids for the first 20 d to estimate BCF, followed by a 10-d acid-free period to estimate the elimination rate. A stock solution containing the acids dissolved in acetone was continuously added to the 350-L tank at 0.5 ml/min using a peristaltic pump. This solution was diluted with a 3-L/min inflow of water. Mean waterborne concentration of each acid was between 0.7 to 3.6 ug/L (Table 1). Five trout were sampled just before dosing began and served as control fish. Five fish each were sampled again after 5, 10, 14, and 20 d exposure to estimate BCF. Only acetone was added to the tank after day 20, and five fish each were sampled after 24, 27, and 30 d to estimate the elimination rates of free and conjugated acids. Duplicate 1-L water samples were taken at 4- to 6-d intervals during the first 20 d and on day 24.
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- See Table 1
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Details on estimation of bioconcentration:
- The means ± SDs of five fish were reported for free and conjugated acid concentrations at each sample interval unless noted otherwise. BCF was estimated by dividing the free acid concentration in each fish by the mean waterborne concentration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences in BCF among the 5- to 20-d sample intervals. Elimination rates were based on a first-order equation to estimate chemical half-life.
Results and discussion
Bioaccumulation factor
- Remarks on result:
- other: See Table 2
- Details on results:
- Fish exposed to 24ug/L total waterborne free acids retained about 2 mg/kg free and 1 mg/kg conjugated acids during the study (Table 1). There were no detectable levels of free or conjugated acids in fish sampled 4 to 10 d after acid exposure stopped, which prevented their half-lives from being calculated. Nevertheless, based on the <25- to 330-ug/kg concentrations of free and <25to 490 ug/kg concentrations of conjugate acids after 20 days of exposure, and the quantitation limit of 25 ug/kg after 4 d post-exposure, it could be suggested that the half-life for these free and conjugated resin acids would be <4 days in trout. BCF values for the eight detected free acids were highest after 10 d and decreased significantly (P≤ 0.05) thereafter (Table 2). A mean BCF for each free acid was estimated from the 14- and 20-d values. Mean BCF values ranged from about 25 for chlorodehydroabietic acid to 130 for neoabietic acid. The 5-day BCF values for some acids were not significantly different from those at 20 day, but they were not used to estimate mean BCF due to differences at the 10-day sample interval.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Free and conjugated resin acid concentrations in trout exposed to waterborne concentrations of
0.7 to 3.6 ug/L after 5 to 20 days
Acid | Water Conc. (ug/L)a | Conc. in fish (ug/kg)b | ||||
Form | 5 d | 10 d | 14 d | 20 d | ||
Palustric | 1.1 ± 0.7 | Free | <25c | <25c | <25c | <25c |
Conj. | <25c | <25c | <25c | <25c | ||
14 Chlorodehydroabietic |
2.2 ± 0.6 | Free | 141 ± 33 | 127 ± 25 | 57 ± 18 | 44 ± 19 |
Conj. | <28d | 146 ± 27 | 62 ± 32 | 109 ± 26 | ||
12 Chlorodehydroabietic |
2.6 ± 0.5 | Free | 138 ± 21 | 122 ± 42 | 70 ± 26 | 59 ± 30 |
Conj. | 78 ± 22 | 102 ± 37 | 95 ± 47 | 186 ± 48 | ||
Isopimaric |
2.7 ± 0.8 | Free | 122 ± 29 | 162 ± 19 | 91 ± 32 | 94 ± 46 |
Conj. | 136 ± 33 | 153 ± 78 | 93 ± 46 | 195 ± 62 | ||
Sandaracopimaric |
2.6 ± 0.9 | Free | 165 ± 19 | 183 ± 20 | 126 ± 34 | 118 ± 44 |
Conj. | 79 ± 22 | 151 ± 78 | 67 ± 37 | 188 ± 53 | ||
Abietic |
2.1 ± 0.9 | Free | 241 ± 31 | 297 ± 45 | 144 ± 52 | 146 ± 64 |
Conj. | 75 ± 51 | 234 ± 177 | 41 ± 18 | 119 ± 12 | ||
Pimaric |
2.8 ± 0.8 | Free | 241 ± 31 | 298 ± 23 | 205 ± 58 | 197 ± 72 |
Conj. | 134 ± 21 | 223 ± 111 | 115 ± 36 | 262 ± 65 | ||
Dichlorodehydroabietic |
3.2 ± 0.6 | Free | 380 ± 107 | 616 ± 78 | 300 ± 53 | 292 ± 130 |
Conj. | 299 ± 140 | 480 ± 174 | 253 ± 81 | 492 ± 119 | ||
Dehydroabietic |
3.6 ± 1.5 | Free | 654 ± 146 | 650 ± 222 | 358 ± 126 | 333 ± 137 |
Conj. | 144 ± 75 | 63 ± 32 | 85 ± 48 | 79 ± 21 | ||
Neoabietic |
0.7 ± 0.2 | Free | 98 ± 46 | 154 ± 20 | 86 ± 47 | 96 ± 43 |
Conj. | <25c | <25c | <25c | <40e | ||
Total |
24 | Free | 2,200 | 2,630 | 1,460 | 1,400 |
Conj. | 1,020 | 1,600 | 860 | 1,690 |
aMean ± SD of four samples.
bMean ± SD of five samples, or mean when noted otherwise.
cAll samples below quantitation limit of 25 ug/kg.
dFour of five samples below 25 ug/kg.
eThree of five samples below 25 ug/kg.
Table 2. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of free resin acids in trout exposed to 0.7 to 3.6 ug/L
waterborne acids after 5 to 20 d
Acid | BCFa | ||||
5 d |
10 d | 14 d | 20 d | Mean BCFb |
|
Palustric |
<25 |
<25 |
<25 |
<25 |
<25 |
14 Chlorodehydroabietic |
64 ± 15* |
58 ± 11 * |
26 ± 8 |
19 ± 10 |
23 ± 9 (10) |
12 Chlorodehydroabietic |
53 ± 8* |
47 ± 16* |
27 ± 10 |
22 ± 12 |
25 ± 10 (10) |
Isopimaric |
45 ± 11 |
60 ± 7* |
34 ± 12 |
35 ± 17 |
34 ± 14 (10) |
Sandaracopimaric |
64 ± 7 |
70 ± 8* |
49 ± 13 |
45 ± 17 |
47 ± 14 (10) |
Abietic |
115 ± 14* |
141 ± 21* |
69 ± 25 |
70 ± 31 |
69 ± 26 (10) |
Pimaric |
87 ± 16 |
107 ± 8* |
73 ± 20 |
70 ± 26 |
72 ± 22 (10) |
Dichlorodehydroabietic |
119 ± 34 |
193 ± 24* |
94 ± 16 |
91 ± 40 |
92 ± 29 (10) |
Dehydroabietic |
182 ± 40* |
181 ± 62* |
100 ± 35 |
92 ± 38 |
96 ± 35 (10) |
Neoabietic |
141 ± 65 |
220 ± 29* |
121 ± 72 |
137 ± 61 |
129 ± 63 (10) |
aMean ± SD BCF of five fish at each sample interval. BCF values with asterisks are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from those at 20 d.
bMean BCFs were calculated from values that were not significantly different from those at 20 d, although values at 5 d were not included if those at 10 d were different. Sample size in parentheses.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- The 20 day exposure period is 8 days shorter than the OECD 305 method but it appears that the concentrations of all of the resin acids did reach equilibrium. Equilibrium was observed on two sampling occasions at days 14 and 20 which is one less sampling period required by OECD 305. Analytical procedures appeared to be appropriate.
- Executive summary:
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to nine resin acids that included abietic, dehydroabietic, chlorodehydroabietic, dichlorodehydroabietic, neoabietic, pimaric, isopimarie, sandaracopimaric, and palustric acids. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for these acids ranged from <25 to 130 among fish that were exposed to mean waterborne concentrations of 0.7 to 3.6 ug/L for 20 days. Total free and conjugated acid concentrations ranged from 1 to 3 mg/kg on a wholebody basis. Elimination rates were also monitored over a 10-day deparation period, although no detectable levels were observed. Based on initial chemical concentrations, it was concluded that the half-lives of these acids were < 4 days.
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