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EC number: 245-322-4 | CAS number: 22914-58-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: All concentrations analysed for zinc and molybdenum.
- Sampling method: Samples were taken from the control and each test group from the bulk test preparation at 0 hours and from the pooled replicates at 72 hours for quantitative analysis. All samples were analyzed immediately, samples were acidified by the chemist before analysis. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
A nominal amount of test item (1100 mg) was dispersed in 11 liters of culture medium with the aid of propeller stirring at approximately 1500 rpm for 48 hours. After 48 hours the stirring was stopped and any undissolved test item was removed by filtration through a 0.2 µm Gelman Acrocap filter (the first approximate 100 mL used to pre condition the filter was discarded) to give a 100% v/v saturated solution. A series of dilutions was made from this saturated solution to give stock solutions of 0.48, 1.0, 2.2, 4.8 and 10% v/v saturated solution. An aliquot (800 mL) of each of the stock solutions was separately inoculated with 5.5 mL of algal suspension to give the required test concentrations of 0.48, 1.0, 2.2, 4.8 and 10% v/v saturated solution. Each prepared concentration was inverted several times to ensure adequate mixing and homogeneity. - Test organisms (species):
- other: Raphidocelis subcapitata (formally Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Raphidocelis subcapitata (formally Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata).
- Strain: CCAP 278/4
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Obtained from the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), SAMS Research Services Ltd, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, Scotland.
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): Not specified
- Method of cultivation: Prior to the start of the test sufficient master culture was added to approximately 100 mL volumes of culture media contained in conical flasks to give an initial cell density of approximately 10^3 cells/mL. The flasks were plugged with polyurethane foam stoppers and kept under constant agitation by orbital shaker (approximately 150 rpm) and constant illumination at 24 ±1°C until the algal cell density was approximately 10^4 to 10^5 cells/mL.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:Acclimated until the algal cell density reached approximately 10^4 to 10^5 cells/mL.
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not): Same as test
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: Not specified - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Hardness:
- The water hardness (calculated) of the test water will be 0.15 mmol/L (= 15 mg/L as CaCO3).
- Test temperature:
- Temperature was maintained at 24 ±1ºC throughout the test.
- pH:
- 7.43 to 8.54 in test vessels and 7.94 to 8.57 in control vessels. The pH deviation in the control cultures was less than 1.5 pH units after 72 hours and therefore was within the limits given in the Test Guideline.
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Not measured
- Salinity:
- Not applicable
- Conductivity:
- Not measured
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0.48, 1.0, 2.2, 4.8 and 10 mg/L.
Measured (0 hour) zinc concentrations: 0.0312, 0.0646, 0.138, 0.295 and 0.667 mg/L.
Measured (0 hour) molybdenum concentrations: 0.0446, 0.0912, 0.203, 0.438 and 0.973 mg/L.
Calculated concentration of the test substance in the sample based on the measured (0 hour) zinc component: 0.0846, 0.176, 0.374, 0.800 and 1.81 mg/L. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Glass conical flask
- Type (delete if not applicable): open (plugged with polyurethane foam bungs)
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 250 mL flasks filled with 100 mL test media.
- Aeration: No
- Initial cells density: 5x10^3 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 1.58 to 1.88^5 cells/mL.
- No. of organisms per vessel: Cell density varied
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: Yes but with modifications to accound for the potential chelating effect of the test substance on essential ions required for algal growth. This is in accordance with the OECD Guideline 23.
- Detailed composition if non-standard medium was used: The culture medium used for both the second range-finding and definitive tests was the same as that used to maintain the stock culture however it was enhanced with 198.4 mg/L extra calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) in order to mitigate potential chelating effects of the test item. The initial range-finding test used culture media without the enhanced calcium chloride dehydrate.
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- As per OECD guideline
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Adjustment of pH: No
- Photoperiod: Continuous
- Light intensity and quality: 380 to 730 nm (intensity approximately 7000 lux).
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: Samples were taken at 23, 49 and 72 hours and the cell densities determined using a Coulter® Multisizer Particle Counter. Three determinations were made for each sample. The nominal inoculated cell concentration (5.00 x 10^3 cells/mL) was taken as the starting cell density. To determine the potential effect of the test item on the appearance of algal cells, a sample was removed from each test and control culture (replicates pooled) at the end of the test. The shape and size of the algal cells was inspected microscopically and any abnormalities recorded.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: Standard as per OECD guidelines
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: Initial range-finder; 0.10, 1.0 10 and 100 mg/L saturated solution. The same concentrations were used in the second range-finder although the media was fortified to investigate whether toxic effects were due to the test item forming complexes with the test media and thereby reducing the nutrients available for algal growth or if the test item itself was causing toxicity. The test media was enhanced with extra CaCl2.2H2O to overcome possible complexation effects.
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: Based on the results from the first and second range-finding tests the following test concentrations were assigned to the definitive test: 0.48, 1.0, 2.2, 4.8 and 10 mg/L saturated solution. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.72 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (dissolved fraction)
- Remarks:
- Test item calculated based on zinc component
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.175 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat. (dissolved fraction)
- Remarks:
- Test item calculated based on zinc component
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Observation of abnormalities (for algal test): All test and control cultures were inspected microscopically at 72 hours. After 72 hours there were no abnormalities detected in the control or test cultures at 0.48 and 1.0 mg/L saturated solutions; however, some cell damage was observed at 2.2 mg/L saturated solution and much cell debris and broken down burst cells were observed to be present in the test cultures at 4.8 and 10 mg/L saturated solutions.
- Any stimulation of growth found in any treatment: None noted
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: At the start of the test all control and test cultures were observed to be clear colorless solutions. After the 72 Hour test period the control, 0.48 and 1.0 mg/L saturated solutions were observed to be green dispersions. At the test concentration of 2.2 mg/L saturated solution cultures were observed to be very pale green to pale green dispersions. The test concentrations 4.8 and 10 mg/L saturated solutions were observed to be clear colorless solutions.
Validation criteria: Cell concentrations of the control cultures increased by a factor of 199 after 72 hours. This increase was in line with the OECD Guideline that states the enhancement must be at least by a factor of 16 after 72 hours.
Nominal cell density of control at 0 hours was 5.00 x 10^3 cells per mL and mean cell density of control at 72 hours was 9.95 x 10^5 cells per mL. The mean coefficient of variation for section by section specific growth rate for the control cultures was 4% and hence satisfied the validation criterion given in the OECD Guideline which states that the mean must not exceed 35%. The coefficient of variation for average specific growth rate for the control cultures over the test period (0 to 72 hours) was 3% and hence satisfied the validation criterion given in the OECD Guideline which states that this must not exceed 7%. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- A positive control used potassium dichromate as the reference item at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/L. Exposure conditions and data evaluation for the positive control were similar to those in the definitive test. The resultant 72 hour ErC50 was 1.5 mg/L (1.3 to 1.7 mg/L). The NOEC was 0.50 mg/L. The results from the positive control with potassium dichromate were within the normal ranges for this reference item.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- One way analysis of variance incorporating Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981) and Dunnett's multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control (Dunnett, 1955) A Dunnetts t test was carried out on the growth rate and yield data after 72 hours to determine any statistically significant differences between the test and control groups. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS computer software package (SAS, 1999 - 2001).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- An OECD guideline GLP compliant study with green algae provided a 72 hour ErC50 value of 0.27 mg/L based on the measured zinc concentrations. The respective NOEC value based on growth rate was 0.0646 mg/L. The ErC50 and NOEC values based on the test substance calculated from the measured zinc concentrations was 0.72 and 0.175 mg/L, respectively.
Reference
Effect values for growth rate and yield.
|
Growth Rate |
Yield |
||||||
|
EC50 |
95% Confidence Limits |
NOEC |
LOEC |
EC50 |
95% Confidence Limits |
NOEC |
LOEC |
Nominal Concentration |
4.2 |
3.6 – 5.0 |
1.0 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
1.6 – 2.0 |
1.0 |
2.2 |
Zinc Measured Concentrations |
0.27 |
0.23 – 0.31 |
0.0646 |
0.138 |
0.11 |
0.10 – 0.13 |
0.0646 |
0.138 |
Test Item calculated Concentrations |
0.72 |
0.61 – 0.83 |
0.175 |
0.374 |
0.31 |
0.28 – 0.35 |
0.175 |
0.374 |
Cell densities and inhibition for growth rate and yield.
Nominal Concentration |
Growth Rate (cells/mL/hour) |
Yield (cells/mL) |
|||
0 to 72 Hour |
% Inhibition |
0 to 72 Hour |
% Inhibition* |
||
Control |
R1 |
0.076 |
- |
1.18E+06 |
- |
R2 |
0.072 |
8.72E+05 |
|||
R3 |
0.073 |
9.35E+05 |
|||
R4 |
0.075 |
1.13E+06 |
|||
R5 |
0.074 |
1.01E+06 |
|||
R6 |
0.071 |
8.15E+05 |
|||
Mean |
0.074 |
9.90E+05 |
|||
SD |
0.002 |
1.44E+05 |
|||
0.48 |
R1 |
0.072 |
3 |
8.67E+05 |
15 |
R2 |
0.072 |
3 |
8.93E+05 |
||
R3 |
0.070 |
5 |
7.63E+05 |
||
Mean |
0.071 |
4 |
8.41E+05 |
||
SD |
0.001 |
- |
6.86E+04 |
||
1.0 |
R1 |
0.073 |
1 |
9.28E+05 |
7 |
R2 |
0.072 |
3 |
9.03E+05 |
||
R3 |
0.073 |
1 |
9.31E+05 |
||
Mean |
0.073 |
2 |
9.20E+05 |
||
SD |
0.001 |
- |
1.53E+04 |
||
2.2 |
R1 |
0.057 |
23 |
2.89E+05 |
69 |
R2 |
0.055 |
26 |
2.56E+05 |
||
R3 |
0.061 |
18 |
3.88E+05 |
||
Mean |
0.058 |
22 |
3.11E+05 |
||
SD |
0.003 |
- |
6.86E+04 |
||
4.8 |
R1 |
0.031 |
58 |
4.25E+04 |
95 |
R2 |
0.031 |
58 |
4.21E+04 |
||
R3 |
0.033 |
55 |
5.00E+04 |
||
Mean |
0.032 |
57 |
4.49E+04 |
||
SD |
0.001 |
- |
4.44E+03 |
||
10 |
R1 |
0.011 |
85 |
6.41E+03 |
99 |
R2 |
0.014 |
81 |
9.20E+03 |
||
R3 |
0.013 |
82 |
7.88E+03 |
||
Mean |
0.013 |
83 |
7.83E+03 |
||
SD |
0.002 |
- |
1.39E+03 |
* =In accordance with the OECD test guideline only the mean value for yield for each test concentration is calculated
R =Replicate
SD =Standard Deviation
Description of key information
An OECD guideline GLP compliant study with green algae provided a 72 hour ErC50 value of 0.27 mg/L based on the measured zinc concentrations. The respective NOEC value based on growth rate was 0.0646 mg/L. The ErC50 and NOEC values based on the test substance calculated from the measured zinc concentrations was 0.72 and 0.175 mg/L, respectively.
The effect concentration based on the measured zinc concentrations is considered to be the most conservative for chemical safety assessment purposes.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 0.27 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 0.065 mg/L
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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