Registration Dossier

Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets

Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Manufacture, use & exposure

Article service life

Documentsopen allclose all

Service life

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Substance intended to be released from article:
yes
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
Article category (AC):
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols

Service life

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
Article category (AC):
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC2: Formulation into mixture
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 11: Non industrial spraying

Service life

Article used by:
workers
consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Fire extinguishers
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10b: Widespread use of articles with high or intended release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11b: Widespread use of articles with high or intended release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Fire extinguishers
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC7: Use of functional fluid at industrial site
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
Article category (AC):
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12a: Processing of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Process category (PROC):
PROC 7: Industrial spraying
PROC 11: Non industrial spraying
Process category (PROC):
PROC 12: Use of blowing agents in manufacture of foam

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 12: Use of blowing agents in manufacture of foam

Service life

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Article used by:
consumers
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol/Propellant, including Pipe Feezer Spray
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC8d: Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or onto article, outdoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol/Propellant, including Pipe Feezer Spray

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC8a: Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or onto article, indoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC8d: Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or onto article, outdoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
Article category (AC):
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC9a: Widespread use of functional fluid (indoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC9b: Widespread use of functional fluid (outdoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
Article category (AC):
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol

Service life

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12a: Processing of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Article used by:
consumers
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
Article category (AC):
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC7: Use of functional fluid at industrial site
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
Article category (AC):
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 11: Non industrial spraying

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
Article category (AC):
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10b: Widespread use of articles with high or intended release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11b: Widespread use of articles with high or intended release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)

Service life

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles

Service life

Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 7: Metal articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 7: Metal articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC8d: Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or onto article, outdoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC2: Formulation into mixture
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)

Service life

Article used by:
workers
consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 11: Non industrial spraying

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 12: Use of blowing agents in manufacture of foam

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Substance intended to be released from article:
yes
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10b: Widespread use of articles with high or intended release (outdoor)
ERC11b: Widespread use of articles with high or intended release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 7: Metal articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosol

Service life

Article used by:
consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC8a: Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or onto article, indoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC8d: Widespread use of non-reactive processing aid (no inclusion into or onto article, outdoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols

Service life

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 1: Vehicles
AC 2: Machinery, mechanical appliances, electrical/electronic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC12c: Use of articles at industrial sites with low release
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 21: Low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials and/or articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for the environmentopen allclose all
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10a: Widespread use of articles with low release (outdoor)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC11a: Widespread use of articles with low release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for consumersopen allclose all
Article category (AC):
AC 4: Stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic articles
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 14: Tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation, granulation
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles
Contributing activity / technique for consumers
Article category (AC):
AC 13: Plastic articles

Service life

Article used by:
workers
Article category (AC):
AC 02: Other (intended to be released): Aerosols
Substance intended to be released from article:
yes
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC10b: Widespread use of articles with high or intended release (outdoor)
ERC11b: Widespread use of articles with high or intended release (indoor)
Contributing activity / technique for workers
Process category (PROC):
PROC 11: Non industrial spraying