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EC number: 292-602-7 | CAS number: 90640-80-5 A complex combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons obtained from coal tar having an approximate distillation range of 300°C to 400°C (572°F to 752°F). Composed primarily of phenanthrene, anthracene and carbazole
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil microorganisms
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil microorganisms
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Soil microbial toxicity of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds: Effects on nitrification, the genetic diversity of bacteria, and the total number of protozoans
- Author:
- Sverdrup LE, Ekelund F, Krogh PH, Nielsen N, Lohnson K
- Year:
- 2 002
- Bibliographic source:
- Environ Toxicol Chem 21, 1644-1650
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 14238
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- drying/dehumidification, use of solvent, addition of fresh inoculum derived from soil
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Comparative study including four aromatic and four heteroaromatic compounds. In addition to nitrification, other parameters were analysed (the genetic diversity of bacteria, total number of protozoans).
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenanthrene
- EC Number:
- 201-581-5
- EC Name:
- Phenanthrene
- Cas Number:
- 85-01-8
- Molecular formula:
- C14H10
- IUPAC Name:
- phenanthrene
- Test material form:
- solid
- Details on test material:
- - Substance type: organic
- for additional information see study record
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Name of test material (as cited in study report): phenanthrene
- Source of test material: Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Analytical purity: > 96 %
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: 10 mg/kg soil dw (low conc.) and 1000 mg/kg soil dw (high conc.)
- Sampling time: start of the experiment
- Sample size: 1000 mg soil for low concentration and 100 mg soil for high concentration
Test substrate
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- acetone
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- APPLICATION OF TEST SUBSTANCE TO SOIL
- Method of preparation of test solutions: a stock solution in acetone was prepared that corresponded to the highest test dosage. For each test concentration, dilutions from the stock solution with acetone were made such that 4 mL of the resulting acetone solution contained the amount of test material required to produce the final test concentration after mxing with soil.
- Method of mixing into soil: 4 mL acetone solution for each of the treatments (equal volumes) was added to a 20 g soil dw in a glass vessel and thoroughly mixed into the soil resulting in the desired test concentration. The solvent was evaporated for 24 h.
- Controls: without and with solvent (soil samples were treated the same way as the test samples but using acetone without test substance)
VEHICLE
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution): not specified
- Evaporation of vehicle before use: yes
AMENDMENT OF SOIL
- Nitrogen source: horn meal (Solsikken, Lina, Denmark) at 1 ± 0.05 g/kg soil dw was added to each glass vessel (horn meal nitrogen content: 9.1 %, C/N ratio. 3.48 (mol/mol))
- Inoculum: 3.5 mL inoculum prepared from fresh Askov soil was added to each soil sample (glass container with 20 g soil dw) and thoroughly mixed. The Askov soil samples used in the test were pretreated (dried at 80 °C). Therefore inoculum from fresh Askov soil (stored at 5 °C for a maximum of 3 days) was added to the test samples.
preparation of inoculum according to a procedure described by Lindahl and Bakken (1995, FEMS Microbiol Ecol 16:135-142). In general, a slurry of 20 g fresh soil in 180 mL of deionised water was prepared by repeated mixing with a kitrchen blender for one minute followed by cooling on ice. The amount of water within the 3.5 mL inoculum added to the microcosms corresponded to 57 % of the water holding capacity of the soil. The population density of microorganisms added was estimated to be 2 % of that in the fresh material (100 % extraction efficiency assumed).
Test organisms
- Test organisms (inoculum):
- soil
Study design
- Total exposure duration:
- 4 wk
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- 20 °C
- Moisture:
- 57 ± 5 % of water holding capacity; gravimetric determination of water loss;
twice a week during incubation period water was added corresponding to water loss - Organic carbon content (% dry weight):
- 1.6
- Nitrogen content (% dry weight):
- 0.443
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container: cylinders (5 cm height, 3.5 cm diameter); sealed with plastic lids; upper lid perforated with five holes (made by a needle); at the start of the test, the inoculated soil samples (see above) were tranferred from the glass vessels to the test containers
- Amount of soil: 20 g
- No. of replicates per concentration: 3
- No. of replicates per control: 3
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 3
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Soil test substrate: Danish agricultural soil
- Geographic location: Askov, Jutland, Denmark
- Soil texture (if natural soil): sandy loam
- Composition: coarse sand (0.2 – 2 mm) 38.4 %,
fine sand (0.063 – 0.2 mm) 23.6 %,
coarse silt (0.02 – 0.063 mm) 10.0 %,
fine silt (0.002 – 0.02 mm) 12.3 %,
clay (<0.002 mm) 13 %,
humus 2.8 %
- Organic carbon content: 1.6 %
- Soil pH: 6.2, no adjustment
- Density: 1.135 g/cm³ dry soil
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weight): no data
- CEC (Cation exchange capacity): 8.14 meq/100 g
- Pretreatment of soil prior to use: drying at 80 °C for 24 h, sieving (2 mm mesh)
ADDITION OF INOCULUM TO SOIL SAMPLES: yes; prepared acc. to Lindhahl and Bakken (FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.,1995) (see above under 'Details on preparation and application of test substrate')
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED after incubation period: soil nitrification, bacterial diversity (bacterial DNA), number of total protozoans (amoebae and heterotrophic flagellates) and heterotrophic flagellates
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes
RANGE-FINDING STUDY: no data - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000, 3000 mg/kg soil dw;
Measured levels prior to test: 10 and 1000 mg/kg soil dw, recovery: 9.6 and 880 mg/kg soil dw;
Mean value for measured/nominal concentrations: 0.88 (mean recovery rate) - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Duration:
- 4 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 26 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- nitrate formation rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 4 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- nitrate formation rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 0 - 70 mg/kg soil dw
- Key result
- Duration:
- 4 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 250 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- nitrate formation rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 220 - 380 mg/kg soil dw
- Duration:
- 4 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC5
- Effect conc.:
- 2 400 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: total number of protozoa
- Duration:
- 4 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC5
- Effect conc.:
- 250 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: number of heterotrophic flagellates
- Details on results:
- Nitrogen mineralisation was generally the most sensitive of the three endpoints measured.
[Note: All substances affected nitrate production from > 20 - < 100 mg/kg soil dw, except acridine, which showed no substantial toxciity at ≥ 1000 mg/kg soil dw (Report Table 2)]. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Nitrate production: NOEC: ANOVA and Dunnett's procedure; EC10 and EC50: Linear interpolation
Protozoans: EC5 instead of NOEC: Three parameter relationship (by means of SigmaStat)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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