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EC number: 292-602-7 | CAS number: 90640-80-5 A complex combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons obtained from coal tar having an approximate distillation range of 300°C to 400°C (572°F to 752°F). Composed primarily of phenanthrene, anthracene and carbazole
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Toxicity of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds to red clover (Trifolium pratense), ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and mustard (Sinapsis alba)
- Author:
- Sverdrup LE, Krogh PH, Nielsen T, Kjær C, Stenersen J
- Year:
- 2 003
- Bibliographic source:
- Chemosphere 53, 993-1003
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test)
- Version / remarks:
- Version 1984
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Comparative study including four aromatic and four heteroaromatic compounds using three different plants
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenanthrene
- EC Number:
- 201-581-5
- EC Name:
- Phenanthrene
- Cas Number:
- 85-01-8
- Molecular formula:
- C14H10
- IUPAC Name:
- phenanthrene
- Test material form:
- solid
- Details on test material:
- - Substance type: organic
- for additional information see study record
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Phenanthrene
- Source of test material: Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany
- Analytical purity: > 96 %
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: all concentrations (initial concentrations in test soil for verification of test substance levels)
Test substrate
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- acetone
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of preparation of test solutions: a stock solution in acetone was prepared that corresponded to the highest test dosage. For each test concentration, dilutions from the stock solution with acetone were made such that 250 mL of the resulting acetone solution contained the amount of test material required to produce the final test concentration after mxing with soil.
- Method of mixing into soil: 250 mL acetone solution for each of the treatments (equal volumes) was added to 1.25 kg of soil in an aluminium container using aluminium equipment as required and mixed thoroughly resulting in the desired test concentration. The soil was then transferred to glass plates and left in a fume head for 24 h to evaporate the solvent.
- Addition of water: after test substrate preparation, 200 mL water/kg soil was added to each sample corresponding to approximately 65 % of the water holding capacitiy and mixed thoroughly into the soil.
- Separation into test samples: the bulk humid samples (1.5 kg) were divided into five sub-samples of 300 g each, one for each of the four replicates and one for chemical analysis.
- Controls: controls and solvent solvent (for solvent controls, soil samples were treated the same way as the test samples but using acetone without test substance)
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution): not specified
- Evaporation of vehicle before use: yes
Test organisms
open allclose all
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Red clover
- Plant family: Fabaceae
- Variety: no data
- Source of seed: DLF Trifolium (Randers, Denmark)
- Prior seed treatment: before addition of seeds to soil, they were inspected and damaged/discoloured seeds were removed. Seeds of similar size were then selected and used for the experiments.
- Species:
- Sinapis alba
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: white mustard
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: no data
- Source of seed: Ove Rassmussens Planteskole (Silkeborg, Denmark)
- Prior seed treatment: prior to the tests damaged/discoloured seeds were rejected. Seeds of similar size were selected for the experiment.
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: perennial ryegrass
- Plant family: Poaceae/Gramineae
- Variety: no data
- Source of seed: DLF Trifolium (Randers, Denmark)
- Prior seed treatment: prior to the tests damaged/discoloured seeds were rejected. Seeds of similar size were selected for the experiment.
Study design
- Test type:
- seedling emergence and seedling growth test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Remarks:
- Exposure period was 19 to 21 days: at least 14 days of exposue after emergence of 50 % of the seeds in the control samples
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- Night: 15 °C, day ~25 °C, sometimes higher
- pH:
- Soil pH: 6.2
- Moisture:
- Test soils were hydrated to 65 % of the water holding capacity with water (200 mL/kg soil dw).
- Details on test conditions:
- All three species were tested simultaneously.
TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: growth chamber placed in a green house
- Test container: transparent cylinder made of hard plastics (35 cm high, inner diameter 9.5 cm), closed at the top and bottom with lids. The upper lid was perforated with one hole (diameter 0.8 cm).
- Amount of soil: 300 g wet weight per test container
- Method of seeding: planting of seeds into the test soil
- No. of seeds per container: 5
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4; one additional replicate for test substance analysis
- No. of replicates per control: 5
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 5
- Plant density: ca. 71 cm²/5 seeds = ca. 14 cm²/seed; 300 g soil wet weight/5 seeds = 60 g soil ww/seed
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Soil test substrate: Danish agricultural soil
- Geographic location: Askov, Jutland, Denmark
- Soil texture (if natural soil): sandy loam
- Composition: coarse sand (0.2 – 2 mm) 38.4 %,
fine sand (0.063 – 0.2 mm) 23.6 %,
coarse silt (0.02 – 0.063 mm) 10.0 %,
fine silt (0.002 – 0.02 mm) 12.3 %,
clay (<0.002 mm) 13 %,
humus 2.8 %
- Organic carbon content: 1.6 %
- Soil pH: 6.2, no adjustment
- Density: 1.135 g/cm³ dry soil
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weight): no data
- CEC (Cation exchange capacity): 8.14 meq/100 g
- Pretreatment of soil prior to use: drying at 80 °C for 24 h, sieving (2 mm mesh)
- Stability and homogeneity of test material in the medium: no information reported
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16/8 h light/dark
- Light source: daylight from outside of the green house, in addition cultivation lamps Philips SON/TPlus (400 W, 310 - 780 nm), three lamps were employed covering an area of 3 m².
- Light intensity and quality: >= 5 klux, lamps were switched on when natural light dropped below 5 klux and were swiched off when light intensity increased above 25 klux
- Photoflux densitiy of artificial light source: approx. 300 µE/m²/s at the soil surface
- Day/night temperatures: up to and sometimes above 25 °C/15 °C
- Relative humidity (%): 65 % of the water holding capacitiy
- Air exchange rate: no data
- Watering regime and schedules: as needed, test containeres were weighed twice weekly and the lost amount of weight was replaced with water
- Water source/type: no data
- Position of test containers: At each time of watering, test containerws were randomised for their position in the green house.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: dry weight, fresh weight, number of germinated seeds by counting the seedlings that protruded above the soil surface
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 10
- Range finding study: no data - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 1 10 100 1000 mg/kg soil dw
Measured concentration: 0.9 9.9 114 1100 mg/kg soil dw - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 30 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: original value (24 mg/kg soil dw) recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon
- Key result
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 24 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: estimation based on two ECx values and log-logistic dose-response relationship
- Key result
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 37 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 22 - 52 mg/kg soil dw
- Key result
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 79 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 0 - 390 mg/kg soil dw
- Key result
- Species:
- Sinapis alba
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 33 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: original value (26 mg/kg soil dw) recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon
- Key result
- Species:
- Sinapis alba
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 26 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: estimation based on two ECx values and log-logistic dose-response relationship
- Key result
- Species:
- Sinapis alba
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 77 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 41 - 110 mg/kg soil dw
- Key result
- Species:
- Sinapis alba
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 480 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 350 - 620 mg/kg soil dw
- Key result
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 218 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: original value (174 mg/kg soil dw) recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon
- Key result
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 174 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: estimation based on two ECx values and log-logistic dose-response relationship
- Key result
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 300 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 210 - 400 mg/kg soil dw
- Key result
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 760 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- fresh weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 520 - 990 mg/kg soil dw
- Details on results:
- SEED GERMINATION
- No effect on seed emergence were observed at any exposure level: LC50 supposed to be >> 1000 mg/kg soil dw.
- Seedling emergence in controls: ≥ 80%
PLANT GROWTH
- The EC10 values are estimates based on EC20 and EC50 values using a log-logistic dose-response relationship (taken from EU RAR Coal-tar pitch, high temperature, Appendix A.4 and A.5
- Difference between vehicle controls and controls without spiking procedure: no significant differences on growth (dry and fresh weight) observed (ANOVA, p > 0.05)
- Normal growth in controls: yes - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Estimates of the concentrations that caused a 20% and 50% reduction of growth ( EC20- and EC50-values, respectively) were done by linear interpolation of the dose-response curve, and the confidence intervals were calculated by the regression procedure of SAS/STAT (SAS, 1999).
Estimates of the concentrations that caused a 50% reduction in seed emergence (LC50 values) was done using probit analysis in SAS/STAT (SAS, 1999).
NOEC values were assessed using ANOVA and Dunnett's procedure (at a 5% significance level) (SAS, 1999) after testing for fulfilment of ANOVA requirements using SAS LAB (SAS, 1992).
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- seed emergence ≥ 80 %, normal growth of control seedlings throughout the test
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