Lanthanum fluoride

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

ACUTE TOXICITY: ORAL
The LD50 of the test material in the female Wistar strain rat was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bodyweight.
ACUTE TOXICITY: INHALATION
The LC50 of the test material in the Wistar strain rat was found to be greater than 5.10 mg/L.
ACUTE TOXICITY: DERMAL
This study was waived on the basis that the oral and inhalation routes of adminstration were considered more relevant when considering the physical nature and use pattern of the substance.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Acute toxicity: via oral route

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

25 September 2012 - 25 October 2012

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study conducted to GLP in compliance with agreed protocols, with no or minor deviations from standard test guidelines and/or minor methodological deficiencies, which do not affect the quality of the relevant results.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 420 (Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Method)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.1 bis (Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Procedure)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Test type:

fixed dose procedure

Limit test:

yes

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Strain: RccHan:WIST
- Age at study initiation: 8 - 12 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: The bodyweight variation did not exceed ± 20 % of the bodyweight of the initially dosed animal, which was 154 g on Day 0.
- Fasting period before study: The animals were fasted overnight immediately before dosing and for approximately three to four hours after dosing.
- Housing: The animals were housed in groups of up to four in suspended solid-floor polypropylene cages furnished with woodflakes.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum access to mains drinking water
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 - 25 °C
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70 %
- Air changes (per hr): at least 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): lighting was controlled by a time switch to give twelve hours continuous light (0600 to 1800) and twelve hours darkness.

IN-LIFE DATES: From: 25 September 2012 To: 25 October 2012

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

other: distilled water

Details on oral exposure:

VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: 200 mg/mL

MAXIMUM DOSE VOLUME APPLIED: 10 mL/kg

Doses:

2000 mg/kg

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5 female animals were dosed.

Control animals:

no

Details on study design:

SIGHTING STUDY
Using available data regarding the toxicity of the test material, 300 mg/kg was chosen as the starting dose.
A single female animal was treated at a dose level of 300 mg/kg (concentration 30 mg/mL, dose volume 10 mL/kg). No toxicity was observed.
In the absence of toxicity at a dose level of 300 mg/kg, an additional female animal was treated at 2000 mg/kg.

MAIN STUDY
No toxicity was observed in the animal treated at 2000 mg/kg, therefore a further 4 animals were treated, bringing the number treated at this dose level to 5.
All animals were dosed once by gavage, using a metal cannula attached to a graduated syringe. The volume administered to each animal was calculated according to the fasted bodyweight at the time of dosing. Treatment of animals was sequential. Sufficient time was allowed between each dose level to confirm the survival of the previously dosed animals.

- Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days.
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Clinical observations were made 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours after dosing and then daily for fourteen days. Morbidity and mortality checks were made twice daily. Individual bodyweights were recorded on Day 0 (the day of dosing) and on Days 7 and 14.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes. At the end of the observation period, the animals were killed by cervical dislocation. All animals were subjected to gross necropsy. This consisted of an external examination and opening of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The appearance of any macroscopic abnormalities was recorded. No tissues were retained.

Preliminary study:

In the single animal dosed at 300 mg/kg, no mortality was observed though hunched posture was present on the day of dosing. The animal showed expected bodyweight gain throughout the observation period. No abnormalities were detected at necropsy.

Sex:

female

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Effect level:

> 2 000 mg/kg bw

Based on:

test mat.

Mortality:

No mortality was observed.

Clinical signs:

other: No signs of systemic toxicity were noted during the observation period.

Gross pathology:

No abnormalities were noted at necropsy.

Interpretation of results:

not classified

Remarks:

Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU

Conclusions:

The LD50 of the test material in the female Wistar strain rat was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bodyweight and as such requires no classification in accordance with EU criteria.

Executive summary:

The acute oral toxicity of the test material was assessed in the Wistar strain rat in accordance with the standardised guidelines OECD 420 and EU Method B.1 bis.

Using available toxicological information, a single fasted female was dosed at 300 mg/kg bw. In the absence of toxicity, a further sighting test was conducted by administering a dose of 2000 mg/kg to one fasted female. Following this, a further group of four fasted females was given a single oral dose of the test material as a suspension in distilled water at a dose level of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight.

No mortality was seen. The animal initially dosed with 300 mg/kg bw showed hunched posture on the day of dosing; no other signs of systemic toxicity were seen throughout the study. All animals showed expected gains in bodyweight and no abnormalities were noted at necropsy.

The acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the test material in the female Wistar strain rat was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bodyweight and as such requires no classification in accordance with EU criteria.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Quality of whole database:

The key study was conducted under GLP conditions in accordance with the standardised guidelines OECD 420 and EU Method B.1 bis. It was assigned a reliability score of 1 in accordance with the criteria detailed by Klimisch (1997).

Acute toxicity: via inhalation route

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: inhalation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

10 September 2012 - 26 September 2012

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study conducted to GLP in compliance with agreed protocols, with no or minor deviations from standard test guidelines and/or minor methodological deficiencies, which do not affect the quality of the relevant results.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 436 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity: Acute Toxic Class Method)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Test type:

acute toxic class method

Limit test:

yes

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Strain: RccHan:WIST
- Age at study initiation: approximately 8 - 12 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 200 - 350 g
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: The animals were housed in groups of up to three by sex in solid-floor polypropylene cages with stainless steel lids, furnished with softwood flakes and provided with environmental enrichment items: wooden chew blocks and cardboard “fun tunnels”.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): With the exception of the exposure period, free access to food was allowed.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum with the exception of the exposure period.
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 - 25 °C
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70 %
- Air changes (per hr): at least 15 per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): the lighting was controlled to give twelve hours continuous light and twelve hours darkness.

IN-LIFE DATES: From: 10 September 2012 To: 26 September 2012

Route of administration:

inhalation: dust

Type of inhalation exposure:

nose only

Vehicle:

clean air

Details on inhalation exposure:

ATMOSPHERE GENERATION
A dust atmosphere was produced from the test material using an SAG 410 Solid Aerosol Generator located adjacent to the exposure chamber. The SAG 410 was connected to a metered compressed air supply.
A particle separator was introduced before the aerosol entered the exposure chamber in order to remove large particles and thereby increase the inhalable portion of the generated aerosol.
Compressed air was supplied by means of an oil free compressor and passed through a water trap and respiratory quality filters before it was introduced to the SAG 410.
The cylindrical exposure chamber had a volume of approximately 30 litres (dimensions: 28 cm diameter x 50 cm high). The concentration within the chamber was controlled by adjusting the test material feed rate from the SAG 410. The extract from the exposure chamber passed through a ‘scrubber’ trap and was connected with a high efficiency filter to a metered exhaust system. The chamber was maintained under negative pressure.
Prior to the start of the study, test material atmospheres were generated within the exposure chamber. During this characterisation period test material input rates and the generation system were varied in order to achieve the required atmospheric conditions.

EXPOSURE PROCEDURE
Prior to the day of exposure each rat was acclimatised (for approximately 2 hours) to a tapered polycarbonate restraining tube. During the day of exposure, each rat was individually held in a tapered, polycarbonate restraining tube fitted onto a single tier of the exposure chamber and sealed by means of a rubber ‘O’ ring.
A target concentration of 5.0 mg/L was used for the exposure. The mean achieved concentration was 102 % of target.

EXPOSURE CHAMBER TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
The temperature and relative humidity inside the exposure chamber were measured by an electronic thermometer/humidity meter located in a vacant port in the animals’ breathing zone of the chamber and recorded every thirty minutes.

EXPOSURE CHAMBER OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
Oxygen levels within the exposure chamber were measured by an electronic oxygen analyser located in a port in the animals' breathing zone. The test atmosphere was generated to contain at least 19 % oxygen.
The MMAD was 1.73 µm, resulting in an inhalable fraction (% <4 µm) of 85.7. The geometric standard deviation was 2.20.

EXPOSURE CHAMBER ATMOSPHERE CONCENTRATION
The actual chamber concentration was measured at regular intervals during the exposure period. The gravimetric method used glass fibre filters placed in a filter holder. The holder was temporarily sealed in a vacant port in the exposure chamber in the animals’ breathing zone and a suitable, known volume of exposure chamber air was drawn through the filter using a vacuum pump.
Each filter was weighed before and after sampling in order to calculate the weight of collected test material. The difference in the two weights, divided by the volume of atmosphere sampled, gave the actual chamber concentration.
The nominal chamber concentration was calculated by dividing the mass of test material used by the total volume of air passed through the chamber.
The nominal concentration is 88 % of the actual mean achieved atmosphere concentration and confirms that keeping the aerosol airborne was extremely simplistic; this is further proven by the low belt speeds utilised throughout the exposure period even when particle separation devices were added.
The slightly lower nominal concentration compared to the actual concentration could be due to a number of different variables (air flow rates and weighing of particle separators throughout the exposure period). Ultimately, this variation is slight and is considered not to affect the purpose or validity of the study as the actual concentration determined throughout the exposure period was found to be continually within 10 % of the mean achieved atmosphere concentration, with the exception of one sample taken at 105 minutes which was outside this value by 0.02 mg.

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
The particle size of the generated atmosphere inside the exposure chamber was determined three times during the exposure period using a Marple Personal Cascade Impactor. This device consisted of six impactor stages (7.8, 5.8, 3.6, 1.4, 0.74 and 0.34 µm cut points) with stainless steel collection substrates and a back up glass fibre filter, housed in an aluminium sampler. The sampler was temporarily sealed in a sampling port in the animals’ breathing zone and a suitable, known volume of exposure chamber air was drawn through it using a vacuum pump.
The collection substrates and backup filter were weighed before and after sampling and the weight of the test material, collected at each stage, calculated by the difference.
The mean amount for each stage was used to determine the cumulative amount below each cut-off point size. In this way, the proportion (%) of aerosol less than 7.8, 5.8, 3.6, 1.4, 0.74 and 0.34 µm was calculated.
The resulting values were converted to probits and plotted against Log10 cut-point size. From this plot, the Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) was determined (as the 50 % point) and the geometric standard deviation was calculated. In addition the proportion (%) of aerosol less than 4 µm (considered to be the inhalable fraction) was determined.

Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:

yes

Remarks:

The test atmosphere was sampled seventeen times during the exposure period and the actual concentration of the test material calculated.

Duration of exposure:

4 h

Concentrations:

5.10 mg/L

No. of animals per sex per dose:

3 animals per sex per dose

Control animals:

no

Details on study design:

- Duration of observation period following administration: all animals were observed for clinical signs at hourly intervals during exposure, immediately on removal from the restraining tubes at the end of exposure, one hour after termination of exposure and subsequently once daily for up to 14 days. Any evidence of overt toxicity was recorded at each observation.
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Individual bodyweights were recorded on arrival, prior to treatment on the day of exposure and on Days 1, 3, 7 and 14.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes. At the end of the 14 day observation period the animals were killed by intravenous overdose of sodium pentobarbitone. All animals were subjected to a full external and internal examination, and any macroscopic abnormalities were recorded. The respiratory tract was subjected to a detailed macroscopic examination for signs of irritancy or local toxicity.

Sex:

male/female

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect level:

> 5.1 mg/L air (analytical)

Based on:

test mat.

Exp. duration:

4 h

Mortality:

There was no mortality during the study.

Clinical signs:

other: In addition to the observations considered to be due to the restraint procedure (such as hunched posture, pilo-erection, wet fur), increased respiratory rate was noted in all animals during exposure, on removal from the chamber and one hour post-exposure.

Body weight:

All animals exhibited bodyweight losses or showed no bodyweight gain on the first day post-exposure. All animals exhibited bodyweight gains during the remainder of the observation period.

Gross pathology:

All female animals exhibited dark patches on the lungs. No macroscopic abnormalities were detected amongst male animals at necropsy.

Table 1: Exposure Chamber Atmosphere Concentrations

Duration of Exposure (minutes)	Net Weight of Sample (mg)	Volume of Air Sampled (L)	Chamber Flow Rate (L/min)	Atmosphere Concentration (mg/L)
5	10.50	2	60	5.25
15	10.50	2	60	5.25
30	9.81	2	60	4.91
45	9.95	2	60	4.98
60	9.39	2	60	4.70
75	10.26	2	60	5.13
90	10.08	2	60	5.04
105	11.26	2	60	5.63
120	10.63	2	60	5.32
135	10.02	2	60	5.01
150	9.74	2	60	4.87
165	9.92	2	60	4.96
180	10.06	2	60	5.03
195	10.77	2	60	5.39
210	10.07	2	60	5.04
225	10.14	2	60	5.07
238	10.18	2	60	5.09

Mean achieved atmosphere concentration: 5.10 mg/L (standard deviation 0.22)

 

Nominal Concentration

-Test material used: 68.8 g

-Air flow: 60 L/min

-Total generation time: 255 minutes*

-Nominal concentration: 4.49 mg/L

 

*Test atmospheres were generated for a total of 15 minutes prior to animal insertion to ensure that the test material concentration was being achieved.

 

Table 2: Particle Size Distribution - Cascade Impactor Data

Impactor Stage Number	Cut Point (µm)	Amount Collected (mg) Per Sample Number			Mean Amount Collected (mg)
		1	2	3
3	7.8	0.01	0.04	0.11	0.05
4	5.8	0.11	0.04	0.33	0.16
5	3.6	0.67	0.31	0.98	0.65
6	1.4	1.58	1.30	1.09	1.32
7	0.74	0.95	0.76	0.53	0.75
8	0.34	0.28	0.34	0.18	0.27
Back-up filter	<0.34	0.10	0.17	0.08	0.12

Total mean amount of test material collected: 3.32 mg

 

Table 3: Particle Size Distribution - Calculation

Cut Point (µm)	Log10 Cut Point	Mean Cumulative Amount Less Than Cut Point
		(mg)	(%)	Probit
7.8	0.892	3.27	98.5	7.17
5.8	0.763	3.11	93.7	6.53
3.6	0.556	2.46	74.1	5.65
1.4	0.146	1.14	34.3	4.60
0.74	-0.131	0.39	11.7	3.81
0.34	-0.469	0.12	3.61	3.20

MMAD: 1.73 µm

Geometric standard deviation: 2.20

Predicted amount <4 µm: 85.7 %

 

Table 4: Individual Bodyweights

Animal Number and Sex	Bodyweight (g) on Day:						Increment (g) During Days:
	-7	0	1	3	7	14	-7 to 0	0 to 1	1 to 3	3 to 7	7 to 14
1 Male	225	268	266	273	294	322	43	-2	7	21	28
2 Male	245	289	282	293	313	344	44	-7	11	20	31
3 Male	231	277	271	282	304	338	46	-6	11	22	34
4 Female	216	234	234	240	251	253	18	0	6	11	2
5 Female	196	217	201	218	225	232	21	-16	17	7	7
6 Female	195	220	214	219	226	232	25	-6	5	7	6

Interpretation of results:

not classified

Remarks:

Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU

Conclusions:

The 4 hour LC50 was determined to be > 5.10 mg/L, therefore the test material requires no classification under the conditions of this study in accordance with EU criteria.

Executive summary:

An acute inhalation study was conducted to assess the toxicity potential of the test material in accordance with the standardised guideline OECD 436.

Male and female RccHan:WIST strain rats (3 per sex) were exposed (nose only) for 4 hours to a dust atmosphere containing the test material at a mean concentration of 5.10 mg/L, with a MMAD of 1.73 µm.

Following exposure, the animals were observed for 14 days for signs of mortality and toxicity. At the end of the observation period, all animals were subjected to necropsy.

No deaths occurred throughout the study and the 4 hour LC50 was therefore determined to be >5.10 mg/L. The test material requires no classification under the conditions of this study in accordance with EU criteria.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Quality of whole database:

The key study was conducted under GLP conditions in accordance with the standardised guideline OECD 436. It was assigned a reliability score of 1 in accordance with the criteria detailed by Klimisch (1997).

Acute toxicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Acute Toxicity: Oral

The acute oral toxicity of the test material was assessed in the Wistar strain rat in accordance with the standardised guidelines OECD 420 and EU Method B.1 bis.

Using available toxicological information, a single fasted female was dosed at 300 mg/kg bw. In the absence of toxicity, a further sighting test was conducted by administering a dose of 2000 mg/kg to one fasted female. Following this, a further group of four fasted females was given a single oral dose of the test material as a suspension in distilled water at a dose level of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight.

No mortality was seen. The animal initially dosed with 300 mg/kg bw showed hunched posture on the day of dosing; no other signs of systemic toxicity were seen throughout the study. All animals showed expected gains in bodyweight and no abnormalities were noted at necropsy.

The acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the test material in the female Wistar strain rat was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bodyweight and as such requires no classification in accordance with EU criteria.

 

Acute Toxicity: Inhalation

An acute inhalation study was conducted to assess the toxicity potential of the test material in accordance with the standardised guideline OECD 436.

Male and female RccHan:WIST strain rats (3 per sex) were exposed (nose only) for 4 hours to a dust atmosphere containing the test material at a mean concentration of 5.10 mg/L, with a MMAD of 1.73 µm.

Following exposure, the animals were observed for 14 days for signs of mortality and toxicity. At the end of the observation period, all animals were subjected to necropsy.

No deaths occurred throughout the study and the 4 hour LC50 was therefore determined to be >5.10 mg/L. The test material requires no classification under the conditions of this study in accordance with EU criteria.

 

Acute Toxicity: Dermal

In accordance with the column 2 adaptation of REACH Annex VIII, the acute dermal toxicity study (required in section 8.5.3) is not considered scientifically justified as the oral and inhalation exposure routes are the most appropriate to assess the acute toxicity hazard presented by the substance based on its physico-chemical characteristics and use pattern. Furthermore, dermal exposure of the substance is considered unlikely.

Justification for selection of acute toxicity – oral endpoint
Only one study available.

Justification for selection of acute toxicity – inhalation endpoint
Only one study available.

Justification for classification or non-classification

In accordance with the criteria for classification as defined in Annex I, Regulation 1272/2008, the test material does not require classification for acute toxicity.