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EC number: 945-713-6 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Remarks:
- Internationally accepted method, EPI-Suite, EPA (USA)
- Justification for type of information:
- See attached the QMRF and QPRF for the QSAR model.
- Guideline:
- other: REACH Guidance on QSARs R.6
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Howard, P.H., Boethling, R.S., Stiteler, W.M., Meylan, W.M., Hueber, A.E., Beauman, J.A., Larosche, M.E. 1992. Predictive model for aerobic biodegradability developed from a file of evaluated biodegradation data. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:593-603.
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SMILES: C(C(CC1C2)C2)(C1(C)C)=C
- Key result
- Parameter:
- probability of ready biodegradability (QSAR/QSPR)
- Remarks on result:
- not readily biodegradable based on QSAR/QSPR prediction
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Interpretation of results:
- not readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The substance L-camphene was predicted to be not ready biodegradable (EPI-Suite, BIOWIN v4.10)
- Executive summary:
The substance L-camphene was predicted to be not ready biodegradable (EPI-Suite, BIOWIN v4.10)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
Test material was evaluated for degradation by cultures derived from coniferous forest soil, diluted and used directly without any prior enrichment.
- Short description of test conditions: see below
- Parameters analysed / observed: see below - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- natural soil
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum: The primary inocula for this study were prepared from extracts of soil samples collected from a coniferous forest (soil A).
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: Soil extracts were prepared by passing soil/water mixtures through a 500-µm sieve, followed by 2 h settling. The resulting supernatants were used as the inoculum. - Initial conc.:
- >= 0.5 - <= 3 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- test mat. analysis
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- other: biomass concentration
- Details on study design:
- First biodegradation experiment:
Glass flask (2 l) equipped with two glass/Teflon valves and a septum-sealed port was used.
The reactor was flushed with pure oxygen and then 1.4 l oxygen saturated minimal medium was added. Test substance was tested at concentrations in the range 0.5-3 mg/l. After the addition of the undiluted monoterpene, the reactor was then crimp-sealed with Teflon-lined septa. After 24 h equilibration, soil A extract was added to the reactor at 1% (v/v) through the bottom glass/Teflon valve. A sodium-azide-amended control was also set up.
Incubation took place in the dark at 23ºC with continuous mixing using magnetic stirrers (at approx. 300 rpm). At regular intervals, duplicate gas and liquid samples were removed and analyzed for test substance and CO2.
Second biodegradation experiment:
A second experiment was performed using replicate, 18x150-mm (26 ml volume) serum tubes (Bellco Glass, Vineland, N.J.). The tubes were flushed with pure oxygen and crimp sealed with Teflon-lined septa.
Inoculum drawn from the reactor used in the previous experiment was directly injected into replicate serum tubes from a microsyringe and then quickly crimp-sealed. The initial terpene concentration in the replicate tubes was uniform.
Azide amended controls were also prepared and incubated following the procedures used for the live cultures.
Headspace gas analysis of serum tubes showed an oxygen content of up to 90%, which was suficient for the complete mineralization of the terpene at the levels tested. The serum tubes were continuously rotated (at 1 rpm) and incubated in the dark at 23ºC. At diferent intervals analyses were performed by sacrificing duplicate serum tubes. - Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- 0.029
- Sampling time:
- 200 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 1 (CSR1)
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- 0.63
- Sampling time:
- 98 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 2 (serum tubes)
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Normalized degradation rate (h-1)
- Value:
- 0.042
- Sampling time:
- 98 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 2 (serum tubes)
- Details on results:
- The detection of CO2, the increase in biomass concentration and lack of any substantial change in the concentration of terpene in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that biodegradation of alpha-pinene took place and that its disappearance was not the result for hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process (e.g., volatilization of the hydrocarbon monoterpenes).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, alpha pinene was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study, alpha pinene was tested at concentrations of 0.5-3 mg/L. Forest-soil extract cultures were used as inocula for the experiments conducted first without (experiment 1), then with prior microbial acclimation to the test material (experiment 2). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the biomass, concentration of the test material and headspace CO2. The test treatments and control (sodium azide, 2.5 g/L) were measured in duplicates. The lack of any substantial change in alpha pinene concentration in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that disappearance of the test item in the test reactor was not the result of hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process. The normalised degradation rate in experiment 2 was 0.042 h-1. The maximum degradation rate in experiments 1 and 2 were 0.029 and 0.63 mg/L/h, respectively. The lag period in experiments 1 and 2 were 200 and 98 h, respectively. Under the test conditions, alpha pinene was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Test method according to OECD guideline 301 C. No data on GLP.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- - Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- not specified
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Remarks:
- (%ThOD)
- Value:
- >= 90 - <= 95
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Indirect analysis (BOD): 91, 90 and 95%; Direct analysis (GC): 100, 100 and 100%
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, alpha pinene was readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study performed according to OECD Guideline 301 C, alpha pinene was tested at concentrations of 100 mg/L and the inoculum was activated sludge (30 mg/L). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the oxygen consumption. At 100 mg/L test concentration, 90 -95% degradation (biochemical oxygen demand) was reached in 28 days. Under the test conditions, alpha pinene was readily biodegradable.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Test method according to OECD guideline 301 C. No data on GLP.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- - Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- not specified
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Remarks:
- (%ThOD)
- Value:
- >= 1 - <= 4
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- (No data on control nor reference substance)
- Interpretation of results:
- under test conditions no biodegradation observed
- Conclusions:
- Camphene reached 1-4 % of its theoretical BOD after four weeks incubation, so it is not ready biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
Camphene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 1 -4 % of its theoretical BOD after four weeks incubation with activated sludge inoculum (30 mg/L), using a test according to the Japanese MITI-I test (OECD Guideline 301 C). Under test conditions no biodegradation was observed so biodegradation of this substance is not a fast environmental fate process in water.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Remarks:
- Internationally accepted method, EPI-Suite, EPA (USA)
- Justification for type of information:
- See attached the QMRF and QPRF for the QSAR model.
- Guideline:
- other: REACH Guidance on QSARs R.6
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Howard, P.H., Boethling, R.S., Stiteler, W.M., Meylan, W.M., Hueber, A.E., Beauman, J.A., Larosche, M.E. 1992. Predictive model for aerobic biodegradability developed from a file of evaluated biodegradation data. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:593-603.
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SMILES: C(C(CC1C2)C2)(C1(C)C)=C
- Key result
- Parameter:
- probability of ready biodegradability (QSAR/QSPR)
- Remarks on result:
- not readily biodegradable based on QSAR/QSPR prediction
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Interpretation of results:
- not readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The substance D-camphene was predicted to be not ready biodegradable (EPI-Suite, BIOWIN v4.10)
- Executive summary:
The substance D-camphene was predicted to be not ready biodegradable (EPI-Suite, BIOWIN v4.10)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Remarks:
- Internationally accepted method, EPI-Suite, EPA (USA)
- Justification for type of information:
- See attached the QMRF and QPRF for the QSAR model.
- Guideline:
- other: REACH Guidance on QSARs R.6
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Howard, P.H., Boethling, R.S., Stiteler, W.M., Meylan, W.M., Hueber, A.E., Beauman, J.A., Larosche, M.E. 1992. Predictive model for aerobic biodegradability developed from a file of evaluated biodegradation data. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:593-603.
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SMILES: C(CC1C2)C(C2=C)C1(C)C
- Key result
- Parameter:
- probability of ready biodegradability (QSAR/QSPR)
- Remarks on result:
- not readily biodegradable based on QSAR/QSPR prediction
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Interpretation of results:
- not readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The substance fenchene was predicted to be not ready biodegradable (EPI-Suite, BIOWIN v4.10)
- Executive summary:
The substance fenchene was predicted to be not ready biodegradable (EPI-Suite, BIOWIN v4.10)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Remarks:
- Internationally accepted method, EPI-Suite, EPA (USA)
- Justification for type of information:
- See attached the QMRF and QPRF for the QSAR model.
- Guideline:
- other: REACH Guidance on QSARs R.6
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Howard, P.H., Boethling, R.S., Stiteler, W.M., Meylan, W.M., Hueber, A.E., Beauman, J.A., Larosche, M.E. 1992. Predictive model for aerobic biodegradability developed from a file of evaluated biodegradation data. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:593-603.
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SMILES: C(C(CC1C2)C1(C)C)(=C2)C
- Key result
- Parameter:
- probability of ready biodegradability (QSAR/QSPR)
- Remarks on result:
- not readily biodegradable based on QSAR/QSPR prediction
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Interpretation of results:
- not readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The substance L-alpha pinene was predicted to be not ready biodegradable (EPI-Suite, BIOWIN v4.10)
- Executive summary:
The substance L-alpha pinene was predicted to be not ready biodegradable (EPI-Suite, BIOWIN v4.10)
Referenceopen allclose all
BIOWIN1 (Linear Model): 0.4988
BIOWIN2 (Non-Linear Model): 0.3432
Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:
BIOWIN3 (Ultimate Survey Model): 2.6860 (weeks-months)
BIOWIN4 (Primary Survey Model): 3.4977 (days-weeks)
MITI Biodegradation Probability:
BIOWIN5 (MITI Linear Model): 0.4717
BIOWIN6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.3865
Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability:
BIOWIN7 (Anaerobic Linear Model): -0.0855
Ready Biodegradability Prediction: NO
Experiment/ compound |
Reactor type |
Inoculum |
Lag period (h) |
Maximum degradation rate (mg l-1h-1) |
Normalized degradation rate (h-1) |
Experiment 1 |
|||||
α-pinene |
CSR1 |
Unacclimated soil A extract |
200 |
0.029 |
NM |
Experiment 2 |
|||||
α-pinene |
Serum tubes |
Acclimated (from CSR1) |
98 |
0.63 |
0.042 |
The normalized degradation rate is the maximum degradation rate normalized to biomass concentration expressed as volatile suspended solids
CSR 1: continuously-stirred reactor 1
NM: not measured because of lack of accurate biomass data
Camphene reached 1-4 % of its theoretical BOD after four weeks incubation, so it is not ready biodegradable.
BIOWIN1 (Linear Model): 0.4988
BIOWIN2 (Non-Linear Model): 0.3432
Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:
BIOWIN3 (Ultimate Survey Model): 2.6860 (weeks-months)
BIOWIN4 (Primary Survey Model): 3.4977 (days-weeks)
MITI Biodegradation Probability:
BIOWIN5 (MITI Linear Model): 0.4717
BIOWIN6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.3865
Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability:
BIOWIN7 (Anaerobic Linear Model): -0.0855
Ready Biodegradability Prediction: NO
BIOWIN1 (Linear Model): 0.4988
BIOWIN2 (Non-Linear Model): 0.3432
Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:
BIOWIN3 (Ultimate Survey Model): 2.6860 (weeks-months)
BIOWIN4 (Primary Survey Model): 3.4977 (days-weeks)
MITI Biodegradation Probability:
BIOWIN5 (MITI Linear Model): 0.4717
BIOWIN6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.3865
Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability:
BIOWIN7 (Anaerobic Linear Model): -0.0855
Ready Biodegradability Prediction: NO
BIOWIN1 (Linear Model): 0.4988
BIOWIN2 (Non-Linear Model): 0.3432
Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:
BIOWIN3 (Ultimate Survey Model): 2.6860 (weeks-months)
BIOWIN4 (Primary Survey Model): 3.4977 (days-weeks)
MITI Biodegradation Probability:
BIOWIN5 (MITI Linear Model): 0.4462
BIOWIN6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.3302
Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability:
BIOWIN7 (Anaerobic Linear Model): 0.0285
Ready Biodegradability Prediction: NO
Description of key information
Weight of evidence. Data from peer reviewed publications: Camphene was found not ready biodegradable (1 -4% %ThOD) using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test. Alpha pinene was determined to be readily biodegradable in a Japanese MITI test using activated sludge. D-alpha pinene was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
Weight of evidence. Data from EPI-Suite, EPA (USA) / BIOWIN v4.10 calculation method. All main components of the reaction mass were individually predicted to be not ready biodegradable.
Weight of evidence. Conclusion. The main constituents L-camphene, D-camphene and fenchene which represents a composition higher than 80% of the multi-constituent test substance are calculated to be not ready biodegradable. Only ca. 12% of the multi-component substance was calculated to be readily biodegradable. Furthermore, predictions from EPI-Suite, EPA (USA) / BIOWIN v4.10 calculation method indicate that none of the main components is ready biodegradable.Thus, the test substante has been determined to be not ready biodegradable.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- under test conditions no biodegradation observed
- Type of water:
- freshwater
Additional information
Weight of evidence. Data from peer reviewed publication: Camphene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 1 -4 % of its theoretical BOD after four weeks incubation with activated sludge inoculum (30 mg/L), using a test according to the Japanese MITI-I test (OECD Guideline 301 C). Under test conditions no biodegradation was observed so biodegradation of this substance is not a fast environmental fate process in water.
Weight of evidence. Data from peer reviewed publication: In a ready biodegradation study performed according to OECD Guideline 301 C, alpha pinene was tested at concentrations of 100 mg/L and the inoculum was activated sludge (30 mg/L). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the oxygen consumption. At 100 mg/L test concentration, 90 -95% degradation (biochemical oxygen demand) was reached in 28 days. Under the test conditions, alpha pinene was readily biodegradable.
Weight of evidence. Data from peer reviewed publication: In a ready biodegradation study, alpha pinene was tested at concentrations of 0.5-3 mg/L. Forest-soil extract cultures were used as inocula for the experiments conducted first without (experiment 1), then with prior microbial acclimation to the test material (experiment 2). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the biomass, concentration of the test material and headspace CO2. The test treatments and control (sodium azide, 2.5 g/L) were measured in duplicates. The lack of any substantial change in alpha pinene concentration in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that disappearance of the test item in the test reactor was not the result of hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process. The normalised degradation rate in experiment 2 was 0.042 h-1. The maximum degradation rate in experiments 1 and 2 were 0.029 and 0.63 mg/L/h, respectively. The lag period in experiments 1 and 2 were 200 and 98 h, respectively. Under the test conditions, alpha pinene was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
Weight of evidence. Data from EPI-Suite, EPA (USA) / BIOWIN v4.10 calculation method. All main components of the reaction mass were individually predicted to be not ready biodegradable.
Weight of evidence. Conclusion. The main constituents L-camphene, D-camphene and fenchene which represents a composition higher than 80% of the multi-constituent test substance are calculated to be not ready biodegradable. Only ca. 12% of the multi-component substance was calculated to be readily biodegradable. Furthermore, predictions from EPI-Suite, EPA (USA) / BIOWIN v4.10 calculation method indicate that none of the main components is ready biodegradable.Thus, the test substante has been determined to be not ready biodegradable.
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