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EC number: 205-583-7 | CAS number: 143-08-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: The study was conducted according to sound scientific principles, however there is no mention of GLP. Analytical monitoring was conducted but methods and results are not reported in the publication.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)
- Version / remarks:
- ASTM 1980
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Analytical monitoring methods and results are not reported but publication indicates daily analytical monitoring was conducted
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: the method of application is not reported and it is therefore assumed to be by direct addition to test water. - Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Fathead minnow
- Age at study initiation: :Newly hatched fry were < 24 hours old
- Weight at study initiation (mean): 0.12g wet weight:
- Feeding during test
- Food type: Spawning stock and juveniles were cultured on recently hatched brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia sp.) and frozen adult brine shrimp
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: Acclimated to test chambers for 2-3 hours prior to introduction of toxicants
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): same as test - Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- Not reported.
- Hardness:
- No data.
- Test temperature:
- mean: 25 degC
- pH:
- average: 7.6
- Dissolved oxygen:
- >80% saturation
- Salinity:
- Not Applicable
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Four nominal concentrations and a control. Details of concentrations tested not given.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Glass with silicone sealant
- Aeration: yes, in head water reservoirs
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): water replacement 2-4 h (25mL/min)
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 2
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: filtered Lake Superior water
- Alkalinity: 44.0 mg/L as CaCO3
- Intervals of water quality measurement: daily
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: not reported
- Photoperiod: Illuminated with wide spectrum fluorescent bulbs for 16 h daily
- Light intensity: 22 to 38 lumens/sq ft
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : mortalities recorded daily
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 0.8 - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 1-octanol
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: (5.41-5.63)
- Details on results:
- - Behavioural abnormalities: before death and after an initial excitement phase, darkening of the fish and rapid but long lasting passivity occurred. Quick recovery of exposed fish when transferred to clean water was also noted. According to the authors, these observations point to an anaesthetic like effect. It should be noted that more than one chemical was tested, so it is not clear whether these observation are directly relevant to the test substance in question (nonanol).
- Other biological observations:Death usually occurred within hours after inital exposure; again it is unclaer if this observation is directly relevant to Nonanol. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The sensitivity of various lots of fathead minnow to 1-octanol was periodically tested to document that their acute response to a refrence toxicant remained fairly uniform throughout the testing period. No details of results are provided in the cited paper.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- LC50 values and 5% confidence intervals were computed by Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method (Hamilton et al. 1977) or a log-probit method (Stephan 1977)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- <10% mortality of fry in controls
- Conclusions:
- A 96 hour LC50 value of 5.7 mg/L was determined for the effect of the test substance on mortality of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas.
Reference
Description of key information
Short-term toxicity to fish: 96-hour LC50 5.7 mg/l (measured) in accordance with test guideline OECD 203 (Pimephales promelas).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water fish
Fresh water fish
- Effect concentration:
- 5.7 mg/L
Additional information
A reliable 96-hour LC50 value of 5.7 mg/l has been determined for the effects of nonan-1-ol (C9, CAS 143-08-8) on mortality of the fish Pimephales promelas based on measured concentrations, in accordance with test guideline OECD 203 (Broderius and Kahl, 1985). This study represents the lowest reliable experimental value available for this endpoint on nonan-1-ol.
These results are supported by consistent values in other reliable short-term toxicity to fish tests:
96-hour LC50 18 mg/l for the effects of nonan-1-ol (C9, CAS 143-08-8) on mortality of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Bengtsson et al., 1984).
96-hour LC50 5.7 mg/l for the effects of nonan-1-ol (C9, CAS 143-08-8) on mortality of Pimephales promelas (Brooke et al., 1984).
Discussion of trends in the Category of C6-24 linear and essentially-linear aliphatic alcohols:
Linear LCAAs
The data summarised in the table below show that the toxicity of the single carbon number chain length LCAAs increases from an LC50 of 97 mg/L for C6 to 1.0 mg/L for C12. At higher carbon number chain lengths there is an absence of short-term toxicity (LC50 values are reported as being greater than the highest test concentration or higher than the water solubility of the test substance) and this is explained by the water solubility of an LCAA limiting its bioavailability, such that a toxic concentration for short-term exposure is not achieved.
The results of a 7-day, semi-static toxicity test with 1-octanol using Pimephales promelas larvae aged 1, 4 and 7 days at the start of the study have also been reported by (Pickering et al., 1996) but are not included in the table. NOECs based on nominal concentrations were 1.5-11.9 mg/L for survival. Measured concentrations in the test were reduced to non-detectable levels in most test vessels in the old media. The poor maintenance of exposure concentrations means that the reported NOEC values are almost certainly underestimates of the true toxicity of the substance. The results of this test are also discussed later with respect to long-term toxicity.
The lowest reliable LC50 values determined in tests with single carbon chain length LCAAs are shown in the following table.
Table: Key fish short-term toxicity studies on single carbon chain length linear LCAAs.
CAS |
Chemical Name |
Comments |
Water solubility (mg/L) |
Species |
Method/ Guideline |
Exposure regime |
Endpoint |
Value (mg/L)1,2 |
Reliability code |
Reference |
111-27-3 |
1-Hexanol |
|
5900 at 20°C |
Pimephales promelas |
US EPA 1975 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
97 (m) |
2 |
Veith, Call and Brooke, 1983a,b |
111-70-6 |
1-Heptanol |
Supporting |
1300 at 20°C |
Pimephales promelas |
ASTM 1980 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
38 (m) |
2 |
Broderius and Kahl, 1985 |
111-87-5 |
1-Octanol |
|
550 at 25°C |
Pimephales promelas |
ASTM 1980 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
13 (m) |
2 |
Veith, Call and Brooke, 1983a,b; University of Wisconsin-Superior., 1984; Broderius and Kahl, 1985 |
143-08-8 |
1-Nonanol |
|
130 at 20 °C |
Pimephales promelas |
ASTM 1980 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
5.5 (m) |
2 |
Broderius and Kahl, 1985 |
112-30-1 |
1-Decanol |
|
40 |
Pimephales promelas (embryo) |
OECD TG 236 |
Flow-through |
120 h LC50 |
3.4 (m) |
1 |
Wildlife International, 2015b |
112-30-1 |
1-Decanol |
|
40 |
Pimephales promelas |
US EPA 1975 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
2.3 (m) |
2 |
Veith, Call and Brooke, 1983a,b; Brooke et al., 1984 |
112-42-5 |
1-Undecanol |
|
8.0 at 20°C |
Pimephales promelas |
US EPA 1975 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
1.0 (m) |
2 |
Veith, Call and Brooke, 1983a,b |
112-53-8 |
1-Dodecanol |
|
1.9 at 20°C |
Pimephales promelas |
US EPA 1975 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
1.0 (m) |
2 |
Veith, Call and Brooke, 1983a,b |
112-70-9 |
1-Tridecanol |
Supporting |
0.38 at 20°C |
Pimephales promelas |
US EPA 1975 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
>0.33 (m) |
2 |
Veith, Call and Brooke, 1983a,b |
112-72-1 |
1-Tetradecanol |
|
0.19 at 25°C |
Salmo gairdneri3 |
OECD 203 |
Semi-static |
96 h LC50 |
>1 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
SafePharm, 1996b |
36653-82-4 |
1-Hexadecanol |
|
0.024 at 25°C |
Salmo gairdneri3 |
OECD 203 |
Semi-static |
96 h LC50 |
>0.4 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
SafePharm, 1996c |
112-92-5 |
1-Octadecanol |
|
0.0011 at 25°C |
Salmo gairdneri3 |
OECD 203 |
Semi-static |
96 h LC50 |
>0.4 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
SafePharm, 1996d |
661-19-8 |
1-Docosanol |
|
approx. 0.001 (estimate) |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
OECD 203 |
Semi-static |
96 h LC50 |
>1000 (n) |
2 |
SafePharm, 2000 |
Notes:
1 >LoS: concentration/Loading rate greater than the limit of water solubility
2 (n) based on nominal concentrations, (m) based on measured concentrations.
3 Now known as Oncorhynchus mykiss. The names used in the study reports are given here.
Multi-constituent LCAAs
The data for multi-constituent substances of different carbon chain length LCAAs (commercial products) are shown in the table below. The results show that substances containing LCAAs with carbon numbers in the ranges of C8-10 and C6-12 exert short-term toxic effects at concentrations of between 0.7 and 10 mg/L. At these concentrations, all the constituents are likely to have been fully dissolved.
In contrast, multi-constituent substances - Alcohols, C12-13; Alcohols, C12-13-branched and linear and Alcohols, C12-15-branched and linear - exhibited effects at loading rates where not all constituents were fully dissolved. Under such circumstances the presence of retained undissolved test material, such as occurred in the Shell Toxicology Laboratory (1978a) test, opens up the possibility for physical fouling of the test organism and this needs to be kept in mind when interpreting the result. The multi-constituent substances containing LCAAs with carbon chain length C12 and above did not exhibit short-term toxicity effects at loading rates where the solubility of the constituent LCAAs was exceeded.
The data for nonanol, branched and linear, decanol branched and linear, decanol branched and undecanol branched alcohols, have been read-across from their linear alcohols counterparts (C9, C10 and C11) since they are essentially linear alcohols.
Alcohols, C14-15 ecotoxicity assessment is based on weight of evidence from two studies; Shell Internationale Chemie (1973) and Shell Toxicology Lab (1978a). Both studies report the LC50 to be above the limit of solubility. The Shell Internationale Chemie (1973) study tested the toxicity of the substance via the WAF preparation method (the preferred method of testing with poorly soluble mixtures) however it does not report complete information on the study methods and conditions. The Shell Toxicology Lab (1978a) did not utilise WAF methods but it is reported more comprehensively.
The results for both single carbon number LCAAs and the multi-constituent substances indicate that, for fish, there is a short-term toxicity cut-off for LCAAs with carbon numbers >C14.
The lowest reliable LC50 values determined in tests with multiconstituent carbon chain length LCAAs are shown in the following table.
Table: Fish short-term toxicity studies on mixed carbon chain length LCAAs.
CAS # |
Chemical name |
Comments1 |
Water solubility (mg/L) |
Species |
Method/ Guideline2 |
Exposure regime |
Endpoint |
Value (mg/L)3 |
Reliability code |
Reference |
n/a |
Alcohols, C7-9 |
|
510 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L (estimated) |
I. idus4 |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h LC50 |
0.7-0.8 (n) |
2 |
Shell, 1978 |
67762-41-8 |
Alcohols, C8-10 |
Type C SUPPORTING |
2.4 at 25°C |
Salmo gairdneri4 and Lepomis macrochirus |
EPA 1975 |
Static |
96 h LC50 |
6.5-10 (n) |
2 |
EG&G Bionomics, 1975 |
n/a |
Alcohols, C9-11- branched and linear |
Also valid for Alcohols, C9-11 CAS 66455-17-2 |
44 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated) |
S. gairdneri4 |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h LC50 |
6.3-10 (n) |
2 |
Shell Toxicology Laboratory, 1979 |
n/a |
Alcohols, C9-11- branched and linear |
Also valid for Alcohols, C9-11 CAS 66455-17-2 |
44 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated) |
Scopthalmus maximus (marine species) |
Not specified |
Semi-static |
96 h LC50 |
5.8 (n) |
2 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., 1991d |
68515-81-1 |
Nonanol, branched and linear |
|
121 (estimated) |
Pimephales promelas |
ASTM 1980 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
5.5 (m)
(r-a from C9) |
2 |
Broderius and Kahl, 1985 |
90342-32-8 |
Decanol, branched and linear |
|
26.17 at 20°C |
P. promelas |
US EPA 1975 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
2.3 (m)
(r-a from C10) |
2 |
Veith, Call and Brooke, 1983a,b; University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1984 |
128973-77-3 |
Undecanol, branched and linear. Reaction mass of 2-methyldecan-1-ol and 2-propyloctan-1-ol and 2-ethylnonan-1-ol and 2-butylheptan-1-ol |
|
6.3 at 25°C |
P. promelas |
US EPA 1975 |
Flow-through |
96 h LC50 |
1.0 (m) (r-a from C11) |
2 |
Veith, Call and Brooke, 1983a,b |
75782-87-5 |
Alcohols, C12-13 |
|
2.4 at 25oC |
S. gairdneri4 |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h LC50 |
4.0-10 (>LoS) |
2 |
Shell Toxicology Laboratory, 1978a |
75782-87-5 |
Alcohols, C12-13 |
|
2.4 at 25oC |
S. maximus (marine species) |
Not specified |
Semi-static |
96 h LC50 |
10 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., 1991c |
740817-83-8 |
Alcohols, C12-13-branched and linear |
|
2.9-3.1 at 20°C |
Brachydanio rerio |
OECD 203 WAF |
Semi-static |
96-hr LL50 |
15 (n) (>LoS) |
1 |
TNO, 2000a |
90604-40-3 |
Alcohols, C12-15-branched and linear |
|
0.80 at 20°C |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
OECD 203 WAF |
Semi-Static |
96 h LL50 |
100-300 (n) (>LoS) |
1 |
Shell Global Solutions, 2000 |
68855-56-1 |
Alcohols, C 12-16 |
Type B SUPPORTING |
0.80 at 20°C |
O. mykiss |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h LC50 |
57 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
Huntingdon Life Sciences 1996i |
80206-82-2 |
Alcohols, C 12-14 |
not possible to determine compositional type SUPPORTING |
approx. 4 predicted at 1000 mg/L loading rate |
L. idus |
OECD 203 |
Static |
48 h LC50 |
>5000 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
Henkel, 1999m |
75782-87-5 |
Alcohols, C14-15 |
|
0.7 at 20°C and 0.15 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated) |
S. gairdneri4 |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h LL50 |
>500 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
Shell Toxicology Lab 1978b |
75782-87-5 |
Alcohols, C14-15 |
|
0.7 at 20°C and 0.15 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated) |
Carassius auratus |
Not specified |
Static |
96 h LL50 |
>0.7 (n) (>LoS) |
2 |
Shell Internationale Chemie, 1973 |
68002-94-8 |
Alcohols, C 16-18 and 18 Unsaturated |
SUPPORTING |
0.0404 predicted at 1000 mg/L loading rate |
L. idus |
OECD 203 |
Static |
48 h LC50 |
>10000 (>LoS) |
4 |
Henkel, 1999o |
Notes:
1 Compositional Types are described in section 1.4.7 of the category report.
2 WAF denotes test medium was a water-accommodated fraction
3 >LoS: LC50 observed was greater than the limit of solubility of at least some constituents of the substance. (n) based on nominal concentrations, (m) based on measured concentrations.
4 Now known as Oncorhynchus mykiss. The names used in the study reports are given here.
References:
Broderius, S. and Kahl, M., 1985. Acute toxicity of organic chemical mixtures to the fathead minnow. Aquatic Toxicology 6:307-322.
E.G.& G. Bionomics, 1975. Acute toxicity of two Conoco compounds to bluegill (lepomis macrochirus) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Bioassay report submitted to Conoco Chemicals, Ponca City, Oklahoma.
Henkel KGaA, 1999m. Biological research and Product Safety/Ecology: Unpublished results; test substance registration No. 6801.
Henkel KGaA, 1999o. Biological Research and Product safety/Ecology: unpublished results, test substance registration no. 6802.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. (HLS), 1991d. Report No. SLL 207(d)/911034.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. (HLS), 1991c. Report No. SLL 207(c)/911033.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. (HLS), 1996i. Report No. 96/KAS231/0417.
SafePharm Laboratories, 1996b. SafePharm Laboratories SPL Project Number 140/599.
SafePharm Laboratories, 1996c. SafePharm Laboratories SPL Project Number 140/500.
SafePharm Laboratories, 1996d. SafePharm Laboratories SPL Project Number 140/506.
SafePharm Laboratories, 2000. SafePharm Laboratories SPL Project Number 140/1001.
Shell, 1978. The acute toxicity of Linevol 79 to the golden orfe (idus idus melanotus), Shell Group Research Report, TLGR.0024.78.
Shell Global Solutions, 2000. Shell Global Solutions Report CT.99.47088.
Shell Internationale Chemie, 1973. Determination of acute toxicity to fish of Shell chemicals. I. AMGR.0095.73. Shell Toxicology Laboratory, 1978a. GRR-TLGR.0161.78.
Shell Toxicology Laboratory, 1978b. GRR-TLGR.0162.78.
Shell Toxicology Laboratory, 1979. GRR-TLGR.0166.78.
TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 2000a. Semi-static acute toxicity test with Compound 33A and the zebra fish Brachydanio rerio. TNO report V98.1319. University of Wisconsin-Superior, 1984. Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas). Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior.
Veith, G.D., Call, D.J., and Brooke, L.T., 1983a. Estimating the acute toxicity of narcotic chemicals to fathead minnows. In: Bishop, W.E., Cardwell, R.D., and Heidolph, B.B. (eds.). Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium. ASTM STP 802. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
Veith, G.D., Call, D.J., and Brooke, L.T., 1983b. Structure-toxicity relationships for the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas: Narcotic industrial chemicals. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:743-748.
Wildlife International, 2015b. Decanol: A static-renewal fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Draft Report; Wildlife International Project Number: 774A-101; OECD Guideline 236.
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