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EC number: 237-358-4 | CAS number: 13762-14-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
EC50 (28d) = 0.011 mg cobalt molybdenum oxide/L for Hyalella azteca (growth) (read-across from cobalt chloride hexahydrate)
NOEC (28d) = 0.011 mg cobalt molybdenum oxide/L for Daphnia magna (reproduction) (read-across from cobalt sulfate)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 0.011 mg/L
Additional information
No data on long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates are available for cobalt molybdenum oxide. However, there are reliable data available for different structurally analogue substances.
The environmental fate pathways and ecotoxicity effects assessments for cobalt metal and cobalt compounds as well as for molybdenum metal and molybdenum compounds is based on the observation that adverse effects to aquatic, soil- and sediment-dwelling organisms are a consequence of exposure to the bioavailable ion, released by the parent compound. The result of this assumption is that the ecotoxicology will be similar for all soluble cobalt and molybdenum substances used in the ecotoxicity tests. Therefore, data from soluble cobalt and molybdenum substances are used in the derivation of ecotoxicological and environmental fate endpoints, based on the cobalt ion and molybdenum ion, respectively.
Cobalt
Data on chronic single-species toxicity tests resulting in high quality NOEC/L(E)C10 values (expressed as Co) for freshwater invertebrates (n=4) are summarised in the WHO CICAD, 2006 (see attached table).
Chronic data for two different species were extracted and used in the effects assessment. The 21-day LC50 values (mortality) for Daphnia magna range from 21 μg Co/L, tested as cobalt chloride hexahydrate (Biesinger & Christensen, 1972) to 30 μg Co/L, tested as cobalt sulfate (WHO CICAD, 2006), resulting in recalculated values from 78 to 111 µg cobalt molybdenum oxide/L.
More sensitive values were available as NOECs (reproduction) for Daphnia magna (21d and 28d) and Ceriodaphnia dubia (7d), and ranged from <3 to 13 for C. dubia (unknown cobalt compound) and 30 to 50 µg for D. magna (unknown cobalt compound), respectively, with the most reliable NOEC(28d) of 3 µg Co/L, tested as cobalt sulfate with D. magna (WHO CICAD, 2006). The latter NOEC would result in a value of 11 µg cobalt molybdenum oxide/L.
In the key study conducted according to methods comparable to guidelines, the effects of cobalt chloride hexahydrate on Hyalella azteca were investigated and resulted in an EC50 (28d) of 2.9 µg Co/L for growth (Norwood, 2007), equivalent to 11 µg cobalt molybdenum oxide/L.
Further results for other aquatic invertebrates are available and comprised in the attached table.
References: World Health Organization (2006). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 69.COBALT AND INORGANIC COBALT COMPOUNDS.
Molybdenum
Freshwater:
For the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus the 48h-EC10value of 193.6 mg/L is retained for assessment purposes (De Schamphelaere et al., 2008). EC10values are preferred over NOEC values as the latter are test design-dependent values. In this specific case the 48h-EC10 is even more sensitive than the 48h-NOEC of 244 mg/L.
For Ceriodaphnia dubia two reliable studies were identified: GEI (2009) and De Schamphelaere et al. (2008). High quality data values were available for two endpoints, with reproduction being more sensitive than survival. The geometric mean of both studies, 63.0 mg Mo/L, was selected for assessment purposes.
For the midge Chironomus riparius the 14d-EC10value of 121.4 mg/L is retained (De Schamphelaere et al., 2008). EC10values are preferred over NOEC values as the latter are test design-dependent values. In this specific case the 14d-EC10 is more sensitive than the 14d-NOEC of 393 mg/L.
For the cladoceran Daphnia magna there were three studies that provided high quality effects data: GEI (2009), Rodriguez (2007) and De Schamphelaere et al. (2008a). Each of these studies reported 21d-EC10values based on reproduction. The geometric mean of 89.5 mg/L that is derived with these three values (62.8, 105.6, 108 mg Mo/L) is put forward forD. magna for assessment purposes.
Author, year |
Species |
Endpoint |
Value [mg Mo/L] |
De Schamphelaere et al., 2008 |
Daphnia magna |
21 d NOEC (reproduction) EC10 (reproduction) |
112 105.6 |
GEI, 2006 |
Daphnia magna |
21 d NOEC (reproduction) EC10 (reproduction) |
96.3 - 192.3 108 |
Rodriguez, 2007 |
Daphnia magna |
21 d NOEC (reproduction) EC10 (reproduction) |
49.9 62.8 |
De Schamphelaere et al., 2008 |
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
7 d NOEC (reproduction) EC10 (reproduction) |
97.3 78.2 |
GEI, 2006 |
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
21 d NOEC (mortality) |
156.5 - 161.5 |
21 d EC10 (reproduction) |
50.8 |
||
De Schamphelaere et al., 2008 |
Brachionus calyciflorus |
48 h NOEC (reproduction) EC10 (reproduction) |
244 193.6 |
De Schamphelaere et al., 2008 |
Chironomus riparius |
14 d NOEC (growth rate) EC10 (growth rate) |
393 121.4 |
Hence, the NOEC for freshwater invertebrates ranges from 49.9 to 393 mg Mo/L, and the EC10 ranges from 50.8 to 193.6 mg Mo/L.
Marine:
A reliable 20d-EC10of 7.96 mg Mo/L has been generated for the marine copepod Acartia tonsa (Aquasense, 2009). EC10 values are preferred over NOEC values as the latter are test design-dependent values. In this specific case the 20d-EC10 is markedly lower than the 20d-NOEC of 26 mg Mo/L. The reported EC10 for A. tonsa is used for assessment purposes. A chronic 28d-growth and reproduction test has been conducted with the marine mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia (Lehman, 2010). No significant effects were noted at the highest exposure concentration level of 116 mg Mo/L (mean measured value). Evaluated endpoints were survival (first and second generation), reproduction (time of first brood, interbrood time, number of young produced per female), and growth (length and dry weight of male and female adult first generation organims). The unbounded value of 116 mg Mo/L is considered as a reliable and conservative NOEC-value for A. bahia.
Conclusion
As
the effect values derived from analogue cobalt compounds are
considerably lower than those derived from analogue molybdenum
substances, it can be reasoned that the cobalt ion will account for the
effects in ecotoxicological testing. Hence, it was concluded to put
forward the most sensitive and reliable results derived from analogue
cobalt compounds for assessment purposes, and recalculate them for
CoMoO4.
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