(dihydro-3,3-diphenyl-3H-furan-2-ylidene)dimethylammonium bromide

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Administrative data

Endpoint:

toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2017-01-13 to 2017-02-20

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2017

Report date:

2017

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 201 (Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

(dihydro-3,3-diphenyl-3H-furan-2-ylidene)dimethylammonium bromide

EC Number:

253-649-9

EC Name:

(dihydro-3,3-diphenyl-3H-furan-2-ylidene)dimethylammonium bromide

Cas Number:

37743-18-3

Molecular formula:

C18H20NO.Br

IUPAC Name:

(dihydro-3,3-diphenyl-3H-furan-2-ylidene)dimethylammonium bromide

Test material form:

solid: particulate/powder

Specific details on test material used for the study:

SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: I16DB2126
- manufacture date: 2016-04-27
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 2018-04-27 (retest date)
- Purity test date: 2016-05-27

STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: at room temperature

OTHER SPECIFICS:
- purity: 98.5% (base titration)
- appearance: white powder
- Water solubility: >500 g/L

Sampling and analysis

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Sampling method: samples were taken before the start of the test, after 24 hours and after 72 hours from each test medium and from the control. 2.4 mL of volume was taken. At the end of the exposure period, the replicates with algae were pooled at each concentration before sampling.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: stored in a freezer until analysis. Additionally, reserve samples of 2.4 mL were taken for possible analysis

Test solutions

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: preparation of test solutions started with the highest test concentration of 130 mg/L (100 mg base/L). No special treatment other than careful mixing was needed to fully dissolve the test item in test medium. The resulting clear and colourless solution was used as the highest test concentration. Lower test concentrations were prepared by subsequent dilutions in test medium.
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): final test solutions were clear and colourless

Test organisms

Test organisms (species):

Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Strain: NIVA CHL 1
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): In-house laboratory culture
- Method of cultivation: Algal stock cultures were started by inoculating growth medium with algal cells from a pure culture on agar. The suspensions were continuously aerated and exposed to light in a climate room at a temperature of 21-24°C. M1 medium was used.
- Pre-culture: 3 days before the start of the test, cells from the algal stock culture were inoculated in M2 medium at a cell density of 1E+04 cells/mL. The pre-culture was maintained under the same conditions as used in the test. Cell density was measured before use.

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: not relevant (except pre-culture 3 days before start of the test)

Study design

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

72 h

Test conditions

Hardness:

24 mg CaCO3/L

Test temperature:

22-24°C

pH:

t=0h: 7.9-8.0
t=72h: 7.6-7.8

Dissolved oxygen:

not reported

Salinity:

not relevant

Conductivity:

not applicable

Nominal and measured concentrations:

nominal test concentrations final test: 1.04, 3.12, 9.36, 28.6 and 84.5 mg/L (0.80, 2.4, 7.2, 22 and 65 mg base/L)
measured test concentration final test t= 0 h: 0.846; 2.61; 7.60; 23.0; 68.3 (mg base/L)
measured test concentration final test t= 72h: 0.496; 1.51; 4.41; 13.1; 39.2 (mg base/L)
The measured concentrations were in agreement with the nominal concentrations at the study start (105-109% relative to nominal). Measured concentrations decreased to 86-92% of initial after 24 hours and further to 60-63% of initial at the end of the test. Based on these results the TWA exposure concentrations were calculated. The range tested based on TWA concentrations corresponded with 0.66, 2.0, 5.9, 17 and 53 mg base/L. This corresponded with 0.51, 1.5, 4.5, 13 and 41 mg/L based on the whole test item.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: beaker
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 100 ml, all-glass, containing 50 mL of test solution
- Initial cell density: 1 x 10^4 cells/ml
- No. of vessels per concentration and per control (replicates):
* 3 replicates of each test concentration;
* 6 replicates of the control;
* 1 extra replicate of each test group for sampling purposes;
* 1 or 2 repicates of each test concentration without algae;

GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: M1; according to the NPR 6505 (“Nederlandse Praktijk Richtlijn no. 6505”) formulated using Milli-RO water (tap-water purified by reverse osmosis
- Detailed composition if non-standard medium was used:
NaNO3 500 mg/L
K2HPO4.3H2O 52 mg/L
MgSO4.7H2O 75 mg/L
Na2CO3.10H2O 54 mg/L
C6H8O7.H2O 6 mg/L
NH4NO3 330 mg/L
CaCl2.2H2O 35 mg/L
C6H5FeO7.xH2O 6 mg/L
H3BO3 2.9 mg/L
MnCl2.4H2O 1.81 mg/L
ZnCl2 0.11 mg/L
CuSO4.5H2O 0.08 mg/L
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O 0.018 mg/L

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: M2; according to the OECD 201 Guideline, formulated using Milli-RO water
- Culture medium different from test medium: Yes. Three days before the start of the test the algal stock culture were inoculated in the same culture medium (M2) used in the test. The culture was maintained under the same conditions as used in the test.
- Intervals of measurements: pH was measured at the beginning and at the end of the test. Temperature was continuously measured in a control vessel. At the end of the final test microscopic observations were performed on all test concentrations to observe for any abnormal appearance of the algae.

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: continuous illumination
- illumination: TLD-lamps with a light intensity within the range of 82 to 84 µE/m²/s.
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Light intensity and quality: 60 to 120 µE/m2/s when measured in the photosynthetically effective wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm.

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : growth inhibition
- Determination of cell concentrations: At the beginning, cells were counted using a microscope and a counting chamber. thereafter, cell densities were determined by spectrophotometric measurement of samples at 680 nm using a spectrophotometer with immersion probe (pathlength = 20mm).
- effect calculated parameters: specific growth rate and yield

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: ca. 2.95
- Range finding study: combined limit/range finding study was performed
- range finding concentrations: 0.13, 1.3 and 13 and 130 mg/L (0.10, 1.0 and
10 and 100 mg base/L).
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

potassium dichromate

Results and discussion

Effect concentrations

Effect concentrations 1

Key result

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

6.4 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (TWA)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Effect concentrations 2

Key result

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

1.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (TWA)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Details on results:

- Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Any stimulation of growth found in any treatment: no
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: no
- 72-h EC50 (yield) = 2.8 mg/L (2.2 mg base/L)
- 72-h EC10 (growth rate) = 4.0 mg/L (3.1 mg base/L)
- 72-h EC10 (yield) < 0.51 mg/L (<0.39 mg base/L)
- 72-h NOEC (yield) < 0.51 mg/L (<0.39 mg base/L)

Results with reference substance (positive control):

- Results with reference substance valid? yes
- EC50: 72h-ErC50 was 1.3 mg/L (95% confidence interval ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 mg/L)
- Other: the historical ranges for growth rate inhibition lie between 0.82 and 2.6 mg/L. The observed 72h-ErC50 for the algal culture tested corresponds with this range

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Growth rates were not biologically significantly reduced (<10%) at the two lowest TWA concentrations of 0.51 and 1.5 mg/L (9.0 and 3.6%, respectively), whereas the growth rate of algae exposed to TWA concentrations of 4.5 mg/L and higher were both biologically and statistically significantly reduced. Despite the statistical significant effect at 0.51 mg/L, the NOEC for growth rate was set at 1.5 mg/L based on biological relevance and the absence of a concentration related increase of effects at the two lowest test groups.

Yield was inhibited by 36.0 and 15.7% at the two lowest TWA concentrations of 0.51 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Yield inhibition increased with increasing concentration of JNJ-16250351-AAH (T000836) from 4.5 mg/L upwards resulting in 100% inhibition at a TWA concentration of 41 mg/L. Statistically significant inhibition of yield was found at all tested concentrations. Hence, the NOEC for yield was
< 0.51 mg/L.

The calculations were performed with ToxRat Professional v. 3.2.1 (ToxRat Solutions® GmbH, Germany).

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

A 72-h growth inhibition test with the unicellular algal species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was performed with the test substance JNJ-16250351-AAH (T000836) according to the OECD guideline 201 (GLP conditions). The test item reduced growth rate of this fresh water algae species significantly at average measured concentrations of 4.5 mg/L (3.5 mg base/L) and higher. The 72h NOEC for growth rate inhibition was determined to be 1.5 mg/L (1.2 mg base/L). The 72h NOEC for yield inhibition was determined to be <0.51 mg/L (<0.39 mg base/L).
The results of the test can be considered reliable without restrictions.