Registration Dossier
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EC number: 236-675-5 | CAS number: 13463-67-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Long-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- fish short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Shortcomings include: no quantification of titanium concentration of test solutions; test medium, loading rate and other test parameter are not described; no information on validity criteria & low number of fertilised eggs per treatment & control.
- Reason / purpose:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 212 (Fish, Short-term Toxicity Test on Embryo and Sac-Fry Stages)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- : several test conditions were not met, including temperature
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- not specified in the publication
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Direct addition of test material into test vessel (dispersion): yes via stock solution
Sonication/stirring of stock solution: 30 min sonication and subsequent agitation in darkness for 24 h prior to preparation of test solutions
Stirring of test solution: preparation under agitation and further sonication for 15 min prior test
Solvents: no
Filtration or other separation of test material from test solution: no
Appearance of solution: no information
test medium: fish medium - Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: zebra fish
- Strain: wild type
METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF FERTILIZED EGGS
- Numbers of parental fish (i.e. of females used to provide required number of eggs): no data
- Method of collection of fertilised eggs: zebrafish embryos were obtained by natural mating
- Subsequent handling of eggs: embryos were maintained in a dark incubator in fish culture water at 28.5 °C - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 8 d
- Hardness:
- no data
- Test temperature:
- 28.5 °C
- pH:
- no data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- no data
- Salinity:
- no data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concentration: 0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg n-TiO2/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 6-well plate
- Fill volume: 5 mL
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: test was performend in dark - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 8 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- ; 3 different n-TiO2 materials (each individually tested as dispersion)
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- (embryonic/larval survival)
- Duration:
- 8 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- ; 3 different n-TiO2 materials (each individually tested as dispersion)
- Basis for effect:
- length
- Remarks:
- p < 0.05
- Details on results:
- Survival of developing zebrafish embryos in controls and exposed to n-TiO2 was not significantly different. Nanomaterial aggregates of TiO2 were marginally toxic to 8 dpf zebrafish embryos, affecting their body length at 1 g/L. A NOEC should not be derived from these two experiments since the separation factor should not exceed 3.2 according to OECD 212. No other morphological effects were observed in 8 dpf exposed embryos.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Three different titanium dioxide nanomaterials did not significantly affect the survival of zebrafish embryos in an early life stage toxicity test (OECD TG 212), and a NOEC (8d) of ≥ 1000 mg n-TiO2/L (as dispersion) was determined for the nanomaterials P25, NM-103, and NM-104. Further, morphological effects were not observed beside some marginal effects on body length at the highest test concentration (1000 mg n-TiO2/L as dispersion). A NOEC should not be derived from these two experiments since the separation factor should not exceed 3.2 according to OECD 212.
- Endpoint:
- fish short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Russian study, no quantification of titanium concentration of test solutions, little information on test performance
- Reason / purpose:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A 115-d early-life stage toxicity test conducted with TiO2 with concentrations up to 3 mg/L. Survival and growth of Coregonus autumnalis migratorius G was observed.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Direct addition of test material into test vessel (dispersion): most likely
Sonication/shaking or stirring of stock or test solution (duration): no information
Solvents: no
Filtration or other separation of test material from test solution: no
Appearance of solution: no information - Test organisms (species):
- other: Coregonus autumnalis migratorius G.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 115 d
- Test temperature:
- 4.4°C +/- 0.6°C
- pH:
- 7.6-7.8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 11-12 mg/L
- Salinity:
- 0.1%
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 mg/L
suspension tested - Details on test conditions:
- TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: tap water - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 115 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- TiO2 as dispersion
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- , length and weight (p<0.05)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a 115-d early-life stage toxicity test, TiO2 concentrations up to 3 mg/L (as dispersion) did not affect survival and growth of Coregonus autumnalis migratorius G. A stimulation of growth (weight and length) was observed.
- Endpoint:
- fish, juvenile growth test
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Russian study, no quantification of titanium concentration of test solutions, little information on test performance
- Reason / purpose:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A 30-d juvenile fish growth test conducted with TiO2 with concentrations up to 3 mg/L. Survival and growth of Coregonus autumnalis migratorius G was observed.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Direct addition of test material into test vessel (dispersion): most likely
Sonication/shaking or stirring of stock or test solution (duration): no information
Solvents: no
Filtration or other separation of test material from test solution: no
Appearance of solution: no information - Test organisms (species):
- other: Coregonus autumnalis migratorius G.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 30 d
- Test temperature:
- 5.8°C (4-6°C)
- pH:
- 7.6-7.8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 11-12 mg/L
- Salinity:
- 0.1%
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 mg/L
suspension tested - Details on test conditions:
- TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: tap water - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 30 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- TiO2 as dispersion
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- , length and weight (p<0.05)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a 30-d juvenile fish growth test, TiO2 concentrations up to 3 mg/L (as dispersion) did not affect survival and growth of Coregonus autumnalis migratorius G. A stimulation of growth (weight) was observed.
- Endpoint:
- adult fish: sub(lethal) effects
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Russian study, no quantification of titanium concentration of test solutions, little information on test performance given available
- Reason / purpose:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A 28-d adult fish growth test conducted with TiO2 with concentrations up to 1000 mg/L. Survival and growth of Phoxinus phoxinus was observed.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Direct addition of test material into test vessel (dispersion): most likely
Sonication/shaking or stirring of stock or test solution (duration): no information
Solvents: no
Filtration or other separation of test material from test solution: no
Appearance of solution: no information - Test organisms (species):
- Phoxinus phoxinus
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 28 d
- Test temperature:
- 10.8°C (6-15 °C)
- pH:
- 7.6-7.8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 11-12 mg/L
- Salinity:
- 0.1%
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: 0 (control), 100, 500, 1000 mg/L
suspension tested - Details on test conditions:
- TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: tap water - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- TiO2 as dispersion
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- , length and weight
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a 28-d adult fish growth test, TiO2 concentrations up to 1000 mg/L (as dispersion) did not affect survival and growth of Phoxinus phoxinus.
- Endpoint:
- fish, juvenile growth test
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Russian study, no quantification of titanium concentration of test solutions, little information on test performance given available
- Reason / purpose:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A 30-d adult fish growth test conducted with TiO2 with concentrations up to 1000 mg/L. Survival and growth of Phoxinus phoxinus was observed.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Direct addition of test material into test vessel (dispersion): most likely
Sonication/shaking or stirring of stock or test solution (duration): no information
Solvents: no
Filtration or other separation of test material from test solution: no
Appearance of solution: no information - Test organisms (species):
- Phoxinus phoxinus
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 30 d
- Test temperature:
- 12°C (10-15 °C)
- pH:
- 7.6-7.8
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 11-12 mg/L
- Salinity:
- 0.1%
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: 0 (control), 100, 500, 1000 mg/L
suspension tested - Details on test conditions:
- TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: tap water - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 30 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- TiO2 as dispersion
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- , length
- Duration:
- 30 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 500 - < 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- TiO2 as dispersion
- Basis for effect:
- weight
- Duration:
- 30 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- TiO2 as dispersion
- Basis for effect:
- weight
- Remarks:
- (p 0.05)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a 30-d juvenile fish growth test, TiO2 concentrations up to 1000 mg/L (as dispersion) did not affect survival and growth (length) of Phoxinus phoxinus. However, weight of fish iat TO2 concentrations at 1000 mg/L was significantly smaller than the weight of control fish.
- Endpoint:
- fish short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Shortcomings include: no quantification of titanium concentration of test solutions; test medium, loading rate and other test parameter are not described; no information on validity criteria & low number of fertilised eggs per treatment & control.
- Reason / purpose:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 212 (Fish, Short-term Toxicity Test on Embryo and Sac-Fry Stages)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- : several test conditions were not met, including temperature
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- not specified in the publication
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Direct addition of test material into test vessel (dispersion): yes via stock solution
Sonication/stirring of stock solution: 30 min sonication and subsequent agitation in darkness for 24 h prior to preparation of test solutions
Stirring of test solution: preparation under agitation and further sonication for 15 min prior test
Solvents: no
Filtration or other separation of test material from test solution: no
Appearance of solution: no information
test medium: fish medium - Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: zebra fish
- Strain: wild type
METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF FERTILIZED EGGS
- Numbers of parental fish (i.e. of females used to provide required number of eggs): no data
- Method of collection of fertilised eggs: zebrafish embryos were obtained by natural mating
- Subsequent handling of eggs: embryos were maintained in a dark incubator in fish culture water at 28.5 °C - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 8 d
- Hardness:
- no data
- Test temperature:
- 28.5 °C
- pH:
- no data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- no data
- Salinity:
- no data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal concentration: 0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg TiO2/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 6-well plate
- Fill volume: 5 mL
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: test was performend in dark - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 8 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- TiO2 as dispersion
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks:
- (embryonic/larval survival)
- Duration:
- 8 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- TiO2 as dispersion
- Basis for effect:
- length
- Remarks:
- p < 0.05
- Details on results:
- Survival of developing zebrafish embryos in controls and exposed to microsized TiO2 was not significantly different. Morphological effects were not observed in 8 dpf exposed embryos.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Microsized TiO2 did not significantly affect the survival and length of zebrafish embryos in an early life stage toxicity test (OECD TG 212), and a NOEC (8d) of ≥ 1000 mg TiO2/L (as dispersion) was determined. Further, morphological effects were not observed up to the highest test concentration (1000 mg TiO2/L as dispersion).
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
Results of several studies of the toxicity to early life-stages of different fish species indicate that dispersed microsized TiO2 is not chronically toxic to freshwater fish up to at least 500 mg/L (NOEC ≥ 500- 1000 mg/L) whereas dispersed nanosized TiO2 is not chronically toxic up to 100 mg/L (NOEC ≥ 100 - < 1000 mg/L). Considering the low solubility of microsized TiO2, it is further concluded that microsized TiO2 is not chronically toxic up to its solubility limit.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Microsized TiO2:
Studies investigating the toxicity of microsized TiO2 to early life-stages and adults of freshwater fish including Danio rerio, Phoxinus phoxinus, and Coregonus atuumnalis migratorius demonstrate that microsized TiO2 is not chronically toxic to freshwater fish up to its solubility limit and dispersed TiO2 concentration of 500 mg/L. In a 115 d early-life stage toxicity test with embryos and in a 30 d juvenile fish growth test by Beim et al (1982) with Coregonus autumnalis migratorius, dispersed microsized TiO2 concentrations up to 3 mg/L did not negatively affect survival and growth of exposed fish (115 d NOEC and 30 d NOEC: ≥ 3 mg/L (nominal)). To the contrary, a stimulation of growth, weight and length, was observed (Beim et al. 1982). In a 28 d fish growth test by Beim et al (1982) with adult Phoxinus phoxinus, dispersed microsized TiO2 concentrations up to 1000 mg/L (nominal) did not affect survival and growth of exposed fish (28 d NOEC: ≥ 1000 mg/L (nominal)). Faria et al. (2014) also observed that dispersed microsized TiO2 did not significantly affect the survival and length of zebrafish embryos in an early life-stage toxicity test following OECD TG 212. Morphological effects were also not observed up to the highest test concentration and the determined 8 d NOEC amounts to ≥ 1000 mg TiO2/L (dispersed, nominal).
Beim et al. (1982) performed a 30 d fish growth test with juvenile Phoxinus phoxinus and microsized TiO2 concentrations of up to 1000 mg/L (dispersed, nominal) did not affect survival and growth (length) of Phoxinus phoxinus whereas the weight of fish exposed to microsized TiO2 concentrations of 1000 mg/L were significantly lower than the weight of control fish, resulting in a 30 d NOEC of ≥ 500- < 1000 mg/L (nominal).
One further supporting study additionally demonstrates that microsized TiO2 materials are not chronically toxic to freshwater fish: In a study by Shaw et al. (2016), the titanium dioxide bulk material NM-100 (148.3 ± 109.7 nm) did not affect embryo survival, hatching rate and the time to hatch of Danio rerio embryos at the highest test concentration of 160 mg/L (as dispersion) in a fish early-life stage toxicity test (OECD TG 210) after 4 d and 6 d of exposure. Further, an effect on larvae length, muscle block width and yolk sac volume could not be observed after 6 d of exposure (NOEC ≥ 160 mg/L (nominal)). Due to the shorter exposure period of 6 d instead of 30 d as recommended in OECD 210, this study is considered supporting.
However, all chronic fish experiments were performed at concentrations several magnitudes above the solubility limit of microsized TiO2. Transformation/dissolution data of different microsized TiO2 materials indicate a low solubility in environmental media as dissolved Ti concentrations after 28 d were below the respective LOD/LOQ (< 0.11 / < 0.34 µg Ti/L). In sum, it is concluded that microsized TiO2 is not chronically toxic to fish up to concentrations of 1000 mg/L dispersed TiO2 and its solubility limit in freshwater.
Marine data do not exist.
Nanosized TiO2:
Three different titanium dioxide nanomaterials P25, NM-103, and NM-104 did not significantly affect the survival of zebrafish embryos in an early life-stage toxicity test (OECD TG 212) and 8 d NOEC values of ≥ 1000 mg n-TiO2/L (dispersed, nominal) were derived by Faria et al (2014). Furthermore, morphological effects were not observed with the exception of marginal effects on body length at the highest test concentration of 1000 mg n-TiO2/L but not at 100 mg n-TiO2/L (dispersed). A NOEC should nevertheless not be derived from the study by Faria et al (2014) since the separation factor should not exceed 3.2 according to OECD 212. Further, according to OECD 212, concentrations higher than 100 mg/L should not to be tested. Three supporting studies, including one fish early-life stage toxicity test (Bar-Ilan et al. 2013), one short-term toxicity test on fish embryo and sac fry stages (Bar-Ilan et al. 2012), and one prolonged fish toxicity test (Clemente et al. 2015), additionally indicate that nanosized TiO2 is not chronically toxic to embryos and juveniles of Danio rerio and Piaracus mesopotamicus since unbounded NOEC values ranged from ≥ 100 to ≥ 10,000 mg/L dispersed n-TiO2. The latter studies are considered as supporting studies since validity criteria were not provided (Bar-Ilan et al. 2013, Clemente et al. 2015), validity criteria were not met (Bar-Ilan et al. 2013), and/or tests were performed with too much biomass (Clemente et al. 2015).
One further supporting study additionally demonstrates that nanosized TiO2 materials are not chronically toxic to freshwater fish: The titanium dioxide nanomaterial NM-105 (20.6 ± 3.9 nm) did not affect embryo survival and hatching rate of Danio rerio at the highest test concentration of 160 mg/L (as dispersion) in an early-life stage fish toxicity test (OECD TG 210) after 4 d and 6 d of exposure. No effect on larvae length, muscle block width and yolk sac volume could be observed after 6 d of exposure (NOEC ≥ 160 mg/L (nominal)). Although a delay of hatching could be observed at the highest tested nano-TiO2 concentration (6 d LOEC: 160 mg/L; 6 d NOEC: 80 mg/L (nominal)), effects occurred at nano-TiO2 concentrations exceeding the recommended limit test concentration of 10 mg/L according to OECD 210. Hence, nano-TiO2 is considered to be not chronically toxic to Danio rerio embryos. Due to the shorter exposure period of 6 d instead of 30 d, as recommended in OECD 210, this study is considered supporting.
Finally, based on reliable chronic toxicity studies it is concluded that nanosized TiO2 dispersions are not chronically toxic to freshwater fish up to 100 mg/L.
Marine data do not exist.
Based on a weight of evidence approach, dispersed microsized TiO2 is not chronically toxic to freshwater fish up to 1000 mg/L. Considering the low solubility of microsized TiO2, it is further concluded that microsized TiO2 is not toxic up to its solubility limit. Dispersions of nanosized TiO2 are not chronically toxic to freshwater fish up to 100 mg/L (NOEC > 100 mg/L).
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