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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Toxicological information

Specific investigations: other studies

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Administrative data

Link to relevant study record(s)

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
biochemical or cellular interactions
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: data from iCSS CompTox Dashboard. Data Quality 100%. Data manually curated with highest confidence
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Using a high-throughput robotic screening system, DMDS was assessed for its potential to disrupt biological pathways (DNA binding, growth factor, nuclear receptor (non-steroidal and steroidal), cell cycle, cytochrome P450, hydrolase and cell morphology) that may result in toxicity.
Type of method:
in vitro
Vehicle:
DMSO
Remarks:
0.001 to 100µM
Details on study design:
See enclosed excel file
Details on results:
113 assays were performed, dimethyl disulphide did not induce a positive response. Therefore, there is no evidence that dimethyl disulphide could interfere with the expression of the screened genes.

113 assays were performed, all results are displayed in the enclosed excel file.

Dimethyl disulphide did not induce a positive response (see attached figure and table).

 

Assay Name

Hit Call

Top

Scaled Top

AC50

log AC50

Intended Target Family

TOX21_AR_BLA_Agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AR_BLA_Agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

4.14

0.162

0.0190

-1.72

background measurement

TOX21_AR_BLA_Agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

17.7

0.541

42.4

1.63

nuclear receptor

TOX21_AR_BLA_Antagonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_AR_BLA_Antagonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_AR_LUC_MDAKB2_Agonist

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_AR_LUC_MDAKB2_Antagonist

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_Aromatase_Inhibition

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cyp

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEK293_Cell_blue

INACTIVE

0.239

0.0120

28.3

1.45

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEK293_Cell_green

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEK293_Cell_red

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEK293_Media_blue

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEK293_Media_green

INACTIVE

0.171

0.00854

1.61

0.206

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEK293_Media_red

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEPG2_Cell_blue

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEPG2_Cell_green

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEPG2_Cell_red

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEPG2_Media_blue

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEPG2_Media_green

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AutoFluor_HEPG2_Media_red

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_ELG1_LUC_Agonist

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

hydrolase

TOX21_ERa_BLA_Agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_ERa_BLA_Agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_ERa_BLA_Agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_ERa_BLA_Antagonist_ratio

INACTIVE

5.17

0.156

0.0158

-1.80

nuclear receptor

TOX21_ERa_BLA_Antagonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_ERa_LUC_BG1_Agonist

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_ERa_LUC_BG1_Antagonist

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_GR_BLA_Agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_GR_BLA_Agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_GR_BLA_Agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_GR_BLA_Antagonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_GR_BLA_Antagonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_MMP_ratio_down

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell morphology

TOX21_MMP_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_PPARg_BLA_Agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_PPARg_BLA_Agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

7.61

0.168

0.00434

-2.36

background measurement

TOX21_PPARg_BLA_Agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_TR_LUC_GH3_Agonist

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_TR_LUC_GH3_Antagonist

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_AhR_LUC_Agonist

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_ARE_BLA_Agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_ARE_BLA_Agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

9.71

0.162

0.00163

-2.79

background measurement

TOX21_ARE_BLA_agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_HSE_BLA_agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_HSE_BLA_agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_HSE_BLA_agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_p53_BLA_p1_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p1_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p1_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_FXR_BLA_agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_FXR_BLA_agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_FXR_BLA_agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_FXR_BLA_antagonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_FXR_BLA_antagonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_PPARd_BLA_agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_PPARd_BLA_agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_PPARd_BLA_agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_PPARd_BLA_antagonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_PPARd_BLA_antagonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_PPARg_BLA_antagonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

nuclear receptor

TOX21_PPARg_BLA_antagonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_VDR_BLA_agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_VDR_BLA_agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_VDR_BLA_agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cyp

TOX21_VDR_BLA_antagonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cyp

TOX21_VDR_BLA_antagonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_ARE_BLA_agonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_HSE_BLA_agonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_p53_BLA_p1_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_FXR_BLA_agonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_ERa_BLA_Antagonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_ERa_BLA_Antagonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_FXR_BLA_Antagonist_ch1

INACTIVE

7.85

0.145

0.00339

-2.47

background measurement

TOX21_FXR_BLA_Antagonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_GR_BLA_Antagonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_GR_BLA_Antagonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_PPARd_BLA_Agonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_PPARd_BLA_Antagonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_PPARd_BLA_Antagonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_PPARg_BLA_Antagonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_PPARg_BLA_Antagonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_VDR_BLA_Antagonist_ch1

INACTIVE

124

0.280

6.25

0.796

background measurement

TOX21_VDR_BLA_Antagonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AR_BLA_Antagonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_AR_BLA_Antagonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p2_ch1

INACTIVE

46.7

0.341

0.00477

-2.32

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p2_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p2_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_p53_BLA_p2_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_p53_BLA_p3_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p3_ch2

INACTIVE

8.14

0.407

13.4

1.13

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p3_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_p53_BLA_p3_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_p53_BLA_p4_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p4_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p4_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_p53_BLA_p4_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_p53_BLA_p5_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p5_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_p53_BLA_p5_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_p53_BLA_p5_viability

INACTIVE

25.7

0.373

1.65

0.218

cell cycle

TOX21_VDR_BLA_Agonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_ESRE_BLA_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_ESRE_BLA_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_ESRE_BLA_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_ESRE_BLA_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_NFkB_BLA_agonist_ch1

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_NFkB_BLA_agonist_ch2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

background measurement

TOX21_NFkB_BLA_agonist_ratio

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

dna binding

TOX21_NFkB_BLA_agonist_viability

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell cycle

TOX21_MMP_ratio_up

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

cell morphology

TOX21_AR_LUC_MDAKB2_Antagonist2

INACTIVE

0.00

0.00

1.00

0.00

-

 

Executive summary:

Dimethyl disulphide was evaluated in 113 in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to evaluate the effects on a target genes like, DNA binding, nuclear receptor (non-steroidal and steroidal), cell cycle, cyp (cytochrome P450 19A1 and 24A1), hydrolase (ATPase) and cell morphology (organelle conformation). Dimethyl disulphide did not induce a positive response in any assay. Therefore, there is no evidence that dimethyl disulphide could interfere with the expression of the genes screened.

Endpoint:
biochemical or cellular interactions
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Principles of method if other than guideline:
The PubChem BioAssay database was searched for chemogenomic, medicinal chemistry and functional genomics biological activities
Type of method:
in vivo
Specific details on test material used for the study:
PubChem CID: 12232
PubChem SID: 17389037 and 144208723
Details on results:
299 bioassays with 311 bioactivity outcomes were retrieved from the PubChem BioAssay data base. Dimethyl disulphide was active in 2 bioassays: AID 1224879 (A CellTox Green Cytotoxicity Assay to monitor cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells - 40 hour) and AID 1224838 (qHTS assay to identify small molecule antagonists of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) signaling pathway). Positivity was also reported in a third assay - AID 1224893 (qHTS assay to identify small molecule antagonists of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) signaling pathway) : Summary - but it is in fact a summary of the 2 previous ones. An antagonist activity of CAR was observed with a very large inter-wells variability. Significant antagonist effects were observed at concentrations inducing a decrease of the cell viability. Therefore, the toxicological significance of this effect is questionable.

The list of all the assays performed is displayed in the enclosed excel file.

Detailled data for the positive assays and dose-response curves are diplayed below and in the attached file:

Data for SID 144208723 in AID 1224893, qHTS assay to identify small molecule antagonists of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) signaling pathway: Summary

Activity Summary

active antagonist

Antagonist Activity

active antagonist

Antagonist Potency (uM) [uM]*

11.6555

Antagonist Efficacy (%) [%]

-80.5488

Viability Activity

inconclusive antagonist

Viability Potency (uM) [uM]

Viability Efficacy (%) [%]

Sample Source

SIGMA

 

Data for SID 144208723 in AID 1224879, A CellTox Green Cytotoxicity Assay to monitor cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells - 40 hour

Phenotype-Replicate_1

Activator

Potency-Replicate_1 [uM]*

7.8566

Efficacy-Replicate_1 [%]

36.8305

Analysis Comment-Replicate_1

Activity_Score-Replicate_1

41

Curve_Description-Replicate_1

Complete curve; partial efficacy

Fit_LogAC50-Replicate_1

-5.1048

Fit_HillSlope-Replicate_1

2.7202

Fit_R2-Replicate_1

0.9106

Fit_InfiniteActivity-Replicate_1 [%]

39.9203

Fit_ZeroActivity-Replicate_1 [%]

3.0897

Fit_CurveClass-Replicate_1

1.2

Excluded_Points-Replicate_1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Max_Response-Replicate_1 [%]

6.232

Activity at 0.00141 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

4.5229

Activity at 0.00434 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-2.4082

Activity at 0.011 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

11.0564

Activity at 0.025 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

3.8875

Activity at 0.057 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

5.674

Activity at 0.127 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-0.253

Activity at 0.290 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

5.8506

Activity at 0.887 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

2.8765

Activity at 2.716 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

3.4419

Activity at 6.973 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

18.8671

Activity at 15.76 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

38.0003

Activity at 35.30 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

36.5706

 

Data for SID 144208723 in AID 1224838, qHTS assay to identify small molecule antagonists of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) signaling pathway

Phenotype-Replicate_1

Inhibitor

Potency-Replicate_1 [uM]*

21.9549

Efficacy-Replicate_1 [%]

83.1454

Analysis Comment-Replicate_1

Activity_Score-Replicate_1

41

Curve_Description-Replicate_1

Partial curve; high efficacy

Fit_LogAC50-Replicate_1

-4.6585

Fit_HillSlope-Replicate_1

2.0437

Fit_R2-Replicate_1

0.9614

Fit_InfiniteActivity-Replicate_1 [%]

-82.4946

Fit_ZeroActivity-Replicate_1 [%]

0.6507

Fit_CurveClass-Replicate_1

-2.1

Excluded_Points-Replicate_1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max_Response-Replicate_1 [%]

-79.1617

Activity at 0.00170 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

0.6152

Activity at 0.00522 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-11.2844

Activity at 0.013 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

2.5092

Activity at 0.030 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-3.5479

Activity at 0.068 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

3.7635

Activity at 0.153 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

4.034

Activity at 0.349 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-0.753

Activity at 1.067 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

3.3552

Activity at 3.264 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

5.3866

Activity at 8.390 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-10.9793

Activity at 18.95 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-37.403

Activity at 42.46 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-61.6062

Activity at 92.41 uM-Replicate_1 [%]

-79.1617

Compound QC-Replicate_1

QC'd by SIGMA

Phenotype-Replicate_2

Inhibitor

Potency-Replicate_2 [uM]

6.1877

Efficacy-Replicate_2 [%]

77.9523

Analysis Comment-Replicate_2

Activity_Score-Replicate_2

83

Curve_Description-Replicate_2

Complete curve; high efficacy

Fit_LogAC50-Replicate_2

-5.2085

Fit_HillSlope-Replicate_2

2.8473

Fit_R2-Replicate_2

0.9937

Fit_InfiniteActivity-Replicate_2 [%]

-74.2569

Fit_ZeroActivity-Replicate_2 [%]

3.6953

Fit_CurveClass-Replicate_2

-1.1

Excluded_Points-Replicate_2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max_Response-Replicate_2 [%]

-76.6268

Activity at 0.00170 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

3.0831

Activity at 0.00522 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

6.6839

Activity at 0.013 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

0.9494

Activity at 0.030 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

9.4666

Activity at 0.068 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

1.3654

Activity at 0.153 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

1.3694

Activity at 0.349 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

4.0819

Activity at 1.067 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

1.2

Activity at 3.264 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

-8.0592

Activity at 8.390 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

-50.16

Activity at 18.95 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

-67.9545

Activity at 42.46 uM-Replicate_2 [%]

-74.6841

 

Executive summary:

299 bioassays with 311 bioactivity outcomes were retrieved from the PubChem BioAssay data base. DMDS was inactive in 283 bioassays, inconclusive in 24 bioassays and positive in 2 bioassays. DMDS had no activity on cell viability assays, no agonist and antagonist activities on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARa), delta (PPARd) and gamma (PPARg), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha), thyroid receptor (TR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathways. Positive results were obtained for antagonist activities on the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) signaling pathway. An antagonist activity of CAR was observed with a very large inter-wells variability and significant antagonist effects were observed at concentrations inducing a decrease of the cell viability. Therefore, the toxicological significance of this effect is questionable.

Description of key information

Dimethyl disulphide was evaluated in 113 in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) assays (US EPA, 2017) to evaluate the effects on a target genes like, DNA binding, nuclear receptor (non-steroidal and steroidal), cell cycle, cyp (cytochrome P450 19A1 and 24A1), hydrolase (ATPase) and cell morphology (organelle conformation). Dimethyl disulphide did not induce a positive response in any assay. Therefore, there is no evidence that dimethyl disulphide could interfere with the expression of the genes screened.

299 bioassays with 311 bioactivity outcomes were retrieved from the PubChem BioAssay data base (NCBI, 2017). DMDS was inactive in 283 bioassays, inconclusive in 24 bioassays and positive in 2 bioassays. DMDS had no activity on cell viability assays, no agonist and antagonist activities on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARa), delta (PPARd) and gamma (PPARg), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha), thyroid receptor (TR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathways. Positive results were obtained for antagonist activities on the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) signaling pathway. An antagonist activity of CAR was observed with a very large inter-wells variability and significant antagonist effects were observed at concentrations inducing a decrease of the cell viability. Therefore, the toxicological significance of this effect is questionable.

Additional information